Table 1 Characteristics of participants
Survey language | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic, n (%)a | English (n = 311) | Chinese (n = 200) | Malay (n = 218) | p valueb |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 56.31 (11.46) | 59.98 (10.06) | 54.62 (10.36) | < 0.001 |
Gender | < 0.001 | |||
Male | 168 (54.0) | 90 (45.2) | 78 (35.8) | |
Female | 143 (46.0) | 109 (54.8) | 140 (64.2) | |
Ethnicity | < 0.001 | |||
Chinese | 185 (59.5) | 200 (100.0) | 2 (0.9) | |
Malay | 53 (17.0) | 0 (0.0) | 209 (95.9) | |
Indian | 73 (23.5) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (3.2) | |
Marital status | 0.020 | |||
Married | 225 (72.4) | 158 (79.0) | 182(83.9) | |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 39 (12.5) | 24 (12.0) | 17 (7.8) | |
Single | 47 (15.1) | 18 (9.0) | 18 (8.3) | |
Employment status | < 0.001 | |||
Employed | 157 (50.5) | 72 (36.2) | 101 (46.5) | |
Retired | 77 (24.8) | 66 (33.2) | 10 (4.1) | |
Unemployed | 11 (3.5) | 4 (2.0) | 11 (5.1) | |
Homemaker | 52 (16.7) | 49 (24.6) | 88 (40.6) | |
Others | 14 (4.5) | 8 (4.0) | 7 (3.2) | |
Housing type | 0.141 | |||
GSH with 1–3 rooms | 102 (32.9) | 76 (38.0) | 63 (28.9) | |
GSH with ≥ 4 rooms/private house | 208 (67.1) | 124 (62.0) | 155 (71.1) | |
Education | < 0.001 | |||
No formal qualification | 44 (14.2) | 37 (18.7) | 83 (38.1) | |
Primary school | 46 (14.8) | 67 (33.8) | 49 (22.5) | |
Secondary school | 125 (40.2) | 67 (33.8) | 53 (24.3) | |
Post-secondary | 96 (30.9) | 27 (13.6) | 33 (15.1) | |
HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 7.59 (1.72) | 7.34 (1.15) | 6.78 (2.06) | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) , mean (SD) | 27.21 (6.24) | 25.19 (4.34) | 27.32 (6.08) | < 0.001 |
Duration of having T2DM (years) | 0.663 | |||
< 5 | 127 (41.1) | 84 (42.2) | 83 (38.1) | |
≥ 5 | 182 (58.9) | 115 (57.8) | 135 (61.9) | |
Presence of T2DM-related complicationsc | < 0.001 | |||
No | 223 (71.7) | 111 (55.5) | 164 (75.2) | |
Yes | 88 (28.3) | 89 (44.5) | 54 (24.8) | |
Presence of comorbiditiesd | < 0.001 | |||
< 2 | 156 (50.2) | 65 (32.5) | 86 (39.5) | |
≥ 2 | 155 (49.8) | 135 (67.5) | 132 (60.6) | |