|
Unadjusted
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
‡§
|
---|
|
Odds ratio (95% CI)
|
P value
|
Odds ratio (95% CI)
|
P value
|
Odds ratio (95% CI)
|
P value
|
Odds ratio (95% CI)
|
P value
|
---|
EQ-VAS
| | | | | | | | |
Vit. D normal | Reference | | Reference | | Reference | | Reference | |
Vit. D deficiency | 1.832 (1.187-2.827) | 0.006†
| 1.667 (1.077-2.580) | 0.022†
| 1.585 (1.019-2.465) | 0.041†
| 1.562 (1.011-2.413) | 0.044†
|
EQ-5D index
| | | | | | | | |
Vit. D normal | Reference | | Reference | | Reference | | Reference | |
Vit. D deficiency | 1.992 (1.266-3.132) | 0.003†
| 1.701 (1.083-2.670) | 0.021†
| 1.485 (0.922-2.392) | 0.103 | 1.618 (0.988-2.650) | 0.056 |
- To see the association between vitamin D deficiency and poor HRQOL, we compared the prevalence of poor HRQOL (the first quartile of EQ-VAS and EQ-5D index) based on vitamin D status. Vitamin D status were classified into 2 groups according to serum 25(OH)D concentration : Vitamin D normal (≥10 ng/mL) and deficiency(<10 ng/mL).
-
†Statistically significant p-value ≤ 0.05. P-values were determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis.
- Model1: Adjusted for age & gender.
- Model2: Adjusted for age, gender + marital status, KL grade.
- Model3: Adjusted for age, gender + marital status, KL grade + education, income, residence, smoking, regular exercise‡, comorbidity of chronic diseases§, BMI, WC.
-
‡Regular exercise was defined as participating in vigorous exercise (strenuous or gasping activities, such as running, high-speed cycling, and swimming) more than 3 times per week for ≥20 min at a time or moderate-intensity exercise (slightly strenuous or gasping activities, such as slow swimming, badminton, and table tennis) more than 5 times per week for ≥30 min at a time, or walking more than 5 times per week for ≥30 min at a time.
-
§Comorbidity of chronic disease included subjects with hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, cerebrovascular accident, chronic renal disease, or liver cirrhosis.
-
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; EQ-5D, EuroQOL-5 dimension; EQ-VAS, EuroQOL-visual analogue scale; HRQOL, health-related quality of life; KL grade, Kellgren-Lawrence grade; QOL, quality of life; Vit. D, vitamin D; WC, waist circumference.