Characteristics | Vit. D deficiency (<10 ng/mL) | Vit. D normal (≥10 ng/mL) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
N, sample size | 128 | 2037 | |
%, weighted | 5.3% | 94.7% | |
Mean vitamin D, ng/mL | 8.4 ± 0.124 | 20.04 ± 0.296 | |
Age | |||
Mean age, year | 69.02 ± 1.059 | 66.45 ± 0.286 | 0.016† |
Gender | |||
Male | 24.1% | 33.2% | 0.104 |
Female | 75.9% | 66.8% | |
Body mass index (BMI) | |||
Mean BMI, kg/m2 | 24.64 ± 0.457 | 24.79 ± 0.086 | 0.746 |
Waist circumference (WC) | |||
Mean WC, cm | 84.07 ± 1.364 | 85.44 ± 0.272 | 0.317 |
Education | |||
≤Elementary school graduate | 71.5% | 62.2% | 0.096 |
≥Middle school graduate | 28.5% | 37.8% | |
Income | |||
1st, 2nd quartile (Low income) | 66.7% | 64.6% | 0.704 |
3rd, 4th quartile (High income) | 33.3% | 35.4% | |
Residence | |||
Urban | 73.0% | 65.5% | 0.222 |
Rural | 27.0% | 34.5% | |
Marital status | |||
Without spouse (Unmarried, or widowed/divorced/separated) | 42.2% | 30.1% | 0.017† |
Married, With spouse | 57.8% | 69.9% | |
Smoking | |||
Never | 72.4% | 65.9% | 0.482 |
Ex-smoker | 15.3% | 20.6% | |
Current smoker | 12.3% | 13.5% | |
Regular exercise ‡ | |||
No | 61.7% | 52.0% | 0.100 |
Yes | 38.3% | 48.0% | |
Comorbidity of chronic disease § | |||
No | 40.8% | 45.8% | 0.314 |
Yes | 59.2% | 54.2% | |
Kellgren-Lawrence grade | |||
grade 2 (mild)-3 (moderate) | 64.6% | 80.5% | <0.0001† |
grade 4 (severe) | 35.4% | 19.5% |