Health-related quality of life and the predictive role of sense of coherence, spirituality and religious coping in a sample of Iranian women with breast cancer: a prospective study with comparative design

Table 4 The results of the GLM repeated measures and clinical changes over time according to the adjusted mean differences, for EORTC QLQ-C30, SOC, SPS, and RCOPE (+) and RCOPE (−) scale scores in the breast cancer group (n = 162) compared to the controls (n = 210) from baseline (T1) to the 6-month follow-up (T2)

Variables	GLM results interaction effect ^a	Statistical changes over time (p value)	Adjusted mean differences between groups over time ^b (Clinical changes)
	*Group Time**	T1 → T2	T1 → T2
EORTCQLQ-C30:
Global quality of life	12.5	.000	+8.2
Functional scales:
Physical	118.5	.000	- 16.2
Role	30.1	.000	- 11.0
Emotional	9.8	.002	+8.5
Cognitive	7.9	.005	- 6.0
Social	8.4	.004	- 7.0
Symptom scales:
Fatigue	22.7	.000	+12.0
Nausea/vomiting	4.7	.030	+3.4
Pain	13.3	.000	+8.6
Dyspnea	0.6	.419	+1.7
Insomnia	1.7	.184	+4.0
Appetite loss	0.1	.707	- 1.0
Constipation	8.6	.004	+7.5
Diarrhea	0.4	.545	- 1.1
Financial difficulties	51.7	.000	+21.7
Sense of Coherence	17.3	.000	- 6.5
Spiritual Perspective Scale	31.0	.000	- 6.6
Religious Coping (+)	9.8	.002	- 6.5
Religious Coping (−)	3.5	.060	+4.3

In the last column plus and minus signs represent a higher or lower scoring on the respective variable.
Higher scoring (+) for symptom scales and RCOPE (−) scale shows impairment over time.
^aGLM repeated measures tests adjusted for the number of the comorbidities.
^bDifferences in adjusted mean score in the breast cancer group (T2 - T1) minus differences in adjusted mean score in the controls (T2 - T1) show clinical changes
(Criterion: small 5–10, moderate 11–19, and large ≥ 20).
Bold values show significant statistical and clinical changes in the breast cancer group compared to the controls over time.
All scales were linearly transformed to 0–100.

ISSN: 1477-7525