Posttraumatic growth, depression and posttraumatic stress in relation to quality of life in tsunami survivors: a longitudinal study

Table 2 Bivariate mixed effects analyses predicting QoL in Norwegian tourists (N = 58) at 2 (T1) and 6 (T2) years post-tsunami

	Global quality of life						Health-related quality of life
	T1			T2			T1			T2
	b	95% CI	p	b	95% CI	p	b	95% CI	p	b	95% CI	p
Gender
Male	−0.04	−0.40, 0.31	.80	−0.14	−0.53, 0.24	.45	−0.07	−0.51, 0.37	.74	0.04	−0.38, 0.46	.84
Female ^a	0			0			0			0
Age at time of tsunami	−0.01	−0.03, 0.01	.31	0.00	−0.02, 0.03	.69	−0.01	−0.04, 0.01	.28	−0.01	−0.04, 0.01	.28
Loss of family member
No	0.79	0.16, 1.42	.02	0.68	−0.06, 1.42	.07	0.18	−0.72, 1.08	.69	0.52	−0.31, 1.35	.21
Yes ^a	0			0			0			0
Caught by waves
No	1.02	0.28, 1.77	.009	0.75	−0.16, 1.66	.10	0.87	−0.16, 1.89	.09	0.90	−0.09, 1.88	.07
Nearly or partly	0.51	−0.09, 1.11	.09	0.30	−0.43, 1.04	.41	−0.38	−1.21, 0.45	.36	0.19	−0.61, 0.98	.63
Completely ^a	0			0			0			0
Posttraumatic growth	0.03	−0.16, 0.22	.73	0.04	−0.17, 0.26	.70	0.01	−0.23, 0.25	.94	0.15	−0.07, 0.37	.18
Depression ^b	−0.52	−0.70, −0.34	< .001	−0.56	−0.76, −0.36	< .001	−0.59	−0.83, −0.35	< .001	−0.58	−0.82, −0.34	< .001
Posttraumatic stress ^c	−0.55	−0.73, −0.36	< .001	−0.53	−0.75, −0.30	< .001	−0.47	−0.72, −0.22	< .001	−0.42	−0.69, −0.16	.002

Note: Multilevel regression analysis controlled for the effect of mutual family members. Figures are regression coefficients (95% confidence intervals in parenthesis). All predictors were measured two years post-tsunami. Posttraumatic growth, depression and posttraumatic stress were standardized before being entered into the model.
^aFemales, those without the loss of a family member and those who were completely caught by waves were set to have a mean of 0 in the mixed effects models.
^bLevel of depression as measured by the General Health Questionnaire.
^cLevel of posttraumatic stress as measured by the PCL.

ISSN: 1477-7525