Table 1 Demographic and health characteristics of the study participants
Characteristics | All participants (N = 983) | No chronic disease group (N = 651) | Diabetes (N = 102) | Rheumatism (N = 162) | Hypertension (N = 145) | Heart diseases (N = 44) | Lung diseases (N = 44) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | P-value* | n (%) | P-value* | n (%) | P-value* | n (%) | P-value* | n (%) | P-value* | |
Female | 493 (50.2) | 329 (50.5) | 47 (46.1) | 0.404 | 92 (56.8) | 0.071 | 69 (47.6) | 0.530 | 9 (20.5) | <0.001 | 29 (65.9) | 0.044 |
Age (years) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.048 | |||||||
21-29 | 190 (19.3) | 168 (25.8) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (4.3) | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (31.8) | |||||
30-39 | 218 (22.2) | 178 (27.3) | 6 (5.9) | 21 (13.0) | 7 (4.8) | 1 (2.3) | 9 (20.5) | |||||
40-49 | 261 (26.6) | 181 (27.8) | 22 (21.6) | 43 (26.5) | 24 (16.6) | 7 (15.9) | 5 (11.4) | |||||
50-59 | 192 (19.5) | 91 (14.0) | 41 (40.2) | 40 (24.7) | 57 (39.3) | 18 (40.9) | 8 (18.2) | |||||
60+ | 122 (12.4) | 33 (5.1) | 33 (32.4) | 51 (31.5) | 55 (37.9) | 18 (40.9) | 8 (18.2) | |||||
Ethnicity | 0.001 | 0.024 | 0.914 | 0.001 | 0.287 | |||||||
Chinese | 363 (36.9) | 234 (35.9) | 26 (25.5) | 67 (41.4) | 56 (38.6) | 9 (20.5) | 16 (36.4) | |||||
Malay | 395 (40.2) | 284 (43.6) | 37 (36.3) | 50 (30.9) | 57 (39.3) | 14 (31.8) | 14 (31.8) | |||||
Indian | 225 (22.9) | 133 (20.4) | 39 (38.2) | 45 (27.8) | 32 (22.1) | 21 (47.7) | 14 (31.8) | |||||
Education level | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.352 | |||||||
Primary (6 years) or less | 187 (19.0) | 74 (11.4) | 48 (47.1) | 60 (37.0) | 58 (40.0) | 22 (50.0) | 12 (27.3) | |||||
Secondary (11 years) | 555 (56.5) | 387 (59.5) | 44 (43.1) | 79 (48.8) | 77 (53.1) | 18 (40.9) | 22 (50.0) | |||||
Diploma/degree or higher | 241 (24.5) | 190 (29.2) | 10 (9.8) | 23 (14.2) | 10 (6.9) | 4 (9.1) | 10 (22.7) | |||||
Married/living with partner | 739 (75.2) | 481 (73.9) | 84 (82.4) | 0.090 | 128 (79.0) | 0.233 | 120 (82.8) | 0.022 | 38 (86.4) | 0.106 | 23 (52.3) | 0.001 |
Religion | 0.051 | 0.094 | 0.796 | 0.017 | 0.894 | |||||||
Buddhism/Taoism | 224 (22.8) | 139 (21.4) | 19 (18.6) | 43 (26.5) | 37 (25.5) | 4 (9.1) | 12 (27.3) | |||||
Islam | 410 (41.7) | 289 (44.4) | 41 (40.2) | 53 (32.7) | 63 (43.5) | 17 (38.6) | 16 (36.4) | |||||
Hinduism/Sikhism | 192 (19.5) | 117 (18.0) | 31 (30.4) | 40 (24.7) | 24 (16.6) | 17 (38.6) | 10 (22.7) | |||||
Christianity | 80 (8.1) | 54 (8.3) | 7 (6.9) | 14 (8.6) | 10 (6.9) | 3 (6.8) | 3 (6.8) | |||||
No religion | 77 (7.8) | 52 (8.0) | 4 (3.9) | 12 (7.4) | 11 (7.6) | 3 (6.8) | 3 (6.8) | |||||
House type | 0.377 | 0.175 | 0.786 | 0.204 | 0.533 | |||||||
Government owned: 4 rooms or smaller | 668 (68.0) | 449 (69.0) | 71 (69.6) | 106 (65.4) | 96 (66.2) | 25 (56.8) | 27 (61.4) | |||||
Government owned: 5 rooms or bigger | 292 (29.7) | 191 (29.3) | 27 (26.5) | 49 (30.3) | 45 (31.0) | 18 (40.9) | 16 (36.4) | |||||
Private | 23 (2.3) | 11 (1.7) | 4 (3.9) | 7 (4.3) | 4 (2.8) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (2.3) | |||||
General health status | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
Excellent | 97 (9.9) | 85 (13.1) | 3 (2.9) | 5 (3.1) | 2 (1.4) | 2 (4.6) | 2 (4.6) | |||||
Very good | 376 (38.3) | 302 (46.4) | 19 (18.6) | 24 (14.8) | 31 (21.4) | 6 (13.6) | 9 (20.5) | |||||
Good | 409 (41.6) | 234 (35.9) | 48 (47.1) | 93 (57.4) | 74 (51.0) | 21 (47.7) | 19 (43.2) | |||||
Fair | 93 (9.5) | 30 (4.6) | 27 (26.5) | 36 (22.2) | 32 (22.1) | 13 (29.6) | 11 (25.0) | |||||
Poor | 8 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (4.9) | 4 (2.5) | 6 (4.1) | 2 (4.6) | 3 (6.8) | |||||