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Table 2 Distributions of the investigated variables a

From: The validity of the EQ-5D-3L items: an investigation with type 2 diabetes patients from six European countries

 

England

Finland

Germany

Greece

Nether-lands

Spain

All countries

Socio-demographic features

Age (p < 0.001)b

  Mean

63.2

64.2

66.1

66.4

65.9

68.5

65.4

  SD

12.8

9.5

11.4

10.7

10.3

11.6

11.2

  Minimum

28

34

21

30

38

30

21

  Maximum

90

98

92

89

89

92

98

  <55

69 (24.0%)

25 (14.4%)

38 (15.0%)

20 (12.1%)

45 (12.8%)

12 (11.9%)

209 (15.7%)

  55-64

77 (26.8%)

60 (34.5%)

62 (24.4%)

48 (29.1%)

111 (31.6%)

17 (16.8%)

375 (28.2%)

  65-74

83 (28.9%)

68 (39.1%)

93 (36.6%)

52 (31.5%)

118 (33.6%)

38 (37.6%)

452 (33.9%)

  >74

58 (20.2%)

21 (12.1%)

61 (24.0%)

45 (27.3%)

77 (21.9%)

34 (33.7%)

296 (22.2%)

Gender (not significant)c

  Female

114 (40.1%)

66 (37.9%)

127 (50.0%)

71 (43.0%)

147 (42.6%)

45 (45.0%)

570 (43.1%)

  Male

170 (59.9%)

108 (62.1%)

127 (50.0%)

94 (57.0%)

198 (57.4%)

55 (55.0%)

752 (56.9%)

Education (p < 0.001)c

  Low

164 (62.8%)

70 (42.9%)

87 (35.4%)

116 (73.4%)

84 (24.7%)

64 (68.1%)

585 (46.4%)

  High

97 (37.2%)

93 (57.1%)

159 (64.6%)

42 (26.6%)

256 (75.3%)

30 (31.9%)

677 (53.6%)

Secondary complications

Stroke (p < 0.05)c

  No

263 (91.0%)

168 (94.9%)

228 (89.4%)

152 (92.1%)

337 (95.7%)

95 (95.0%)

1243 (92.9%)

  Yes

26 (9.0%)

9 (5.1%)

27 (10.6%)

13 (7.9%)

15 (4.3%)

5 (5.0%)

95 (7.1%)

Heart (p < 0.01)d

  No problems

215 (76.0%)

127 (78.4%)

177 (76.6%)

109 (69.0%)

286 (84.4%)

82 (82.8%)

996 (78.3%)

  Problems, no attack

40 (14.1%)

20 (12.3%)

32 (13.9%)

28 (17.7%)

30 (8.8%)

8 (8.1%)

158 (12.4%)

  Heart attack

28 (9.9%)

15 (9.3%)

22 (9.5%)

21 (13.3%)

23 (6.8%)

9 (9.1%)

118 (9.3%)

Kidney (not significant)c

  No kidney failure

276 (99.6%)

173 (100.0%)

243 (99.2%)

158 (99.4%)

348 (100.0%)

100 (100.0%)

1298 (99.7%)

  Kidney failure

1 (0.4%)

0 (0.0%)

2 (0.8%)

1 (0.6%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

4 (0.3%)

Lower extremities (p < 0.001)d

  No problems

230 (81.3%)

149 (86.1%)

185 (73.4%)

144 (87.8%)

318 (93.8%)

83 (83.8%)

1109 (84.7%)

  Moderate problems

43 (15.2%)

23 (13.3%)

63 (25.0%)

18 (11.0%)

21 (6.2%)

15 (15.2%)

183 (14.0%)

  Amputations

10 (3.5%)

1 (0.6%)

4 (1.6%)

2 (1.2%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.0%)

18 (1.4%)

Eyes (p < 0.001)d

  No problems

209 (73.6%)

155 (89.1%)

202 (79.5%)

134 (81.7%)

315 (91.0%)

73 (73.0%)

1088 (82.3%)

  Moderate problems

74 (26.1%)

19 (10.9%)

52 (20.5%)

29 (17.7%)

31 (9.0%)

26 (26.0%)

231 (17.5%)

  Blind

1 (0.4%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (0.6%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.0%)

3 (0.2%)

EQ-5D-3L items

Mobility (p < 0.001)d

  No problems

142 (49.3%)

104 (58.8%)

167 (65.5%)

84 (50.9%)

242 (68.8%)

58 (58.0%)

797 (59.6%)

  Some problems

143 (49.7%)

73 (41.2%)

88 (34.5%)

81 (49.1%)

110 (31.3%)

41 (41.0%)

536 (40.1%)

  Confined to bed

3 (1.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.0%)

4 (0.3%)

Self-care (p < 0.001)d

  No problems

212 (73.4%)

157 (88.7%)

223 (87.5%)

149 (90.3%)

330 (94.8%)

83 (83.0%)

1154 (86.5%)

  Some problems

67 (23.2%)

20 (11.3%)

30 (11.8%)

13 (7.9%)

15 (4.3%)

15 (15.0%)

160 (12.0%)

  Unable

10 (3.5%)

0 (0.0%)

2 (0.8%)

3 (1.8%)

3 (0.9%)

2 (2.0%)

20 (1.5%)

Usual activities (p < 0.001)d

  No problems

158 (54.9%)

129 (72.9%)

182 (71.7%)

110 (67.1%)

272 (77.3%)

71 (70.3%)

922 (69.0%)

  Some problems

103 (35.8%)

45 (25.4%)

67 (26.4%)

47 (28.7%)

77 (21.9%)

25 (24.8%)

364 (27.2%)

  Unable

27 (9.4%)

3 (1.7%)

5 (2.0%)

7 (4.3%)

3 (0.9%)

5 (5.0%)

50 (3.7%)

Pain/discomfort (p < 0.001)d

  No

120 (41.5%)

77 (44.0%)

76 (30.0%)

65 (39.6%)

200 (56.8%)

43 (42.6%)

581 (43.6%)

  Moderate

129 (44.6%)

93 (53.1%)

158 (62.5%)

92 (56.1%)

141 (40.1%)

48 (47.5%)

661 (49.6%)

  Extreme

40 (13.8%)

5 (2.9%)

19 (7.5%)

7 (4.3%)

11 (3.1%)

10 (9.9%)

92 (6.9%)

Anxiety/depression (p < 0.001)d

  Not

156 (54.9%)

156 (88.6%)

175 (70.3%)

34 (20.9%)

302 (85.6%)

56 (56.0%)

879 (66.3%)

  Moderately

108 (38.0%)

17 (9.7%)

67 (26.9%)

97 (59.5%)

50 (14.2%)

40 (40.0%)

379 (28.6%)

  Extremely

20 (7.0%)

3 (1.7%)

7 (2.8%)

32 (19.6%)

1 (0.3%)

1 (0.3%)

67 (5.1%)

  1. aDue to missing values the numbers of cases evaluated for each variable are mostly lower than the sample sizes. Percentages refer to the ‘within country’ distributions of the variables (columns).
  2. bTest for country differences performed with multiple linear regression with ‘country’ as dummy coded independent variable.
  3. cTest for country differences performed with Pearson’s chi-square test.
  4. dTest for country differences performed with Kruskal-Wallis test.
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