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Table 4 Internal-consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity of the K-PAID and K-PAID-5

From: Measurement of diabetes-related emotional distress using the Problem Areas in Diabetes scale: psychometric evaluations show that the short form is better than the full form

Underlying structure

Scale/subscales and their names (number of items)

Cronbach’s alpha

ICC (95% confidence interval)

Pearson’sr

CES-D

HbA1c

Full form (K-PAID)

     

One-factor structurea

Single scale (20 items)

0.94

0.89 (0.83-0.94)

0.55*

0.13*

Two-factor structureb

Subscale 1: Lack of confidence (7 items)

0.74

0.85 (0.75-0.91)

0.52*

0.15*

 

Subscale 2: Negative emotional consequences (13 items)

0.94

0.90 (0.83-0.94)

0.53*

0.12*

Two-factor structurec

Subscale 1: Diabetes distress (15 items)

0.93

0.90 (0.84-0.94)

0.52*

0.13*

 

Subscale 2: Support-related issues (5 items)

0.77

0.87 (0.76-0.92)

0.57*

0.13*

Three-factor structured

Subscale 1: Diabetes-related emotional problems (15 items)

0.93

0.89 (0.82-0.93)

0.55*

0.13*

 

Subscale 2: Food-related problems (3 items)

0.73

0.80 (0.66-0.88)

0.41*

0.13*

 

Subscale 3: Social-support-related problems (2 items)

0.61

0.81 (0.68-0.89)

0.48*

ns

Four-factor structuree

Subscale 1: Diabetes-related emotional problems (12 items)

0.94

0.88 (0.81-0.93)

0.54*

0.12*

 

Subscale 2: Treatment-related problems (3 items)

0.54

0.30 (-0.18-0.59)

0.32*

0.14*

 

Subscale 3: Food-related problems (3 items)

0.74

0.79 (0.66-0.88)

0.41*

0.13*

 

Subscale 4: Social-support-related problems (2 items)

0.61

0.81 (0.67-0.89)

0.48*

ns

Short form (K-PAID-5)

     

One-factor structuref

Single scale (5 items)

0.87

0.89 (0.82-0.94)

0.48*

0.14*

  1. aBased on the factor construct of Welch et al. [8]; bBased on the factor construct of Miller et al. [13]; cBased on the factor construct of Huis In ‘t Veld et al. [15]; dBased on the factor construct of Papathanasiou et al. [12]; eBased on the factor construct of Snoek et al. [9]; fBased on the factor construct of McGuire et al. [21]; CES-D, Center for epidemiologic studies-depression; HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1c; *p < 0.01; ns, Not statistically significant