Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study groups
Characteristics | No retinopathy (n = 149) | Retinopathy (n = 148) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex (men) | 78 (52.3%) | 73 (49.3%) | 0.685 |
Age (years) | 57.9 (19.26) | 60.5 (8.77) | 0.042 |
Education | Â | Â | <0.001 |
  Not even primary | 13 (8.7%) | 25 (16.9%) | |
  Complete primary | 79 (53.1%) | 90 (60.8%) | |
  Secondary high cycle | 39 (26.1%) | 30 (20.3%) | |
  Graduate or higher | 18 (12.1%) | 3 (2.0%) | |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | 0.990 |
  Non caucasian | 5 (3.3%) | 6 (4.0%) | |
Smoking | Â | Â | 0.483 |
  Yes | 31 (21.1%) | 31 (21.1%) | |
  No | 65 (44.2%) | 74 (50.3%) | |
  Former smoker | 51 (34.7%) | 42 (28.6%) | |
Diabetes duration (years) | 6.0 [3,10] | 11.0 [7.2,9.1] | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.1 [6.5,7.9] | 8.1 [7.2,9.1] | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 74 (49.7%) | 94 (63.5%) | 0.022 |
Dyslipidemia | 65(43.6%) | 66 (44.6%) | 0.959 |
Antiplatelet agents | 46(30.9%) | 68 (45.9%) | 0.011 |
Psychotropic drugs | 35 (23.5%) | 48 (32.4%) | 0.112 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.80 (0.2) | 0.81 (0.2) | 0.830 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134.4 (15.5) | 144.4 (20.1) | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.5 (10.4) | 77.1 (11.0) | 0.634 |
Waist (cms) | 104.1 (12.1) | 107.26 (11.3) | 0.010 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 31.25 (5.1) | 31.92 (5.5) | 0.240 |
Diabetes treatment | Â | Â | <0.001 |
  OAD | 96 (64.4%) | 65 (43.9%) | |
  OAD + insulin | 13 (8.7%) | 62 (41.9%) | |
  Insulin | 4 (2.7%) | 18 (12.2%) | |
  Diet | 36 (24.2%) | 3 (2.0%) | |
Visual acuity | Â | Â | <0.001 |
  < = 0.2 | 3 (2.0%) | 30 (20.4%) | |
  0.2-0.4 | 11 (7.4%) | 8 (5.4%) | |
  0.4-0.6 | 17 (11.4%) | 24 (16.3%) | |
  0.6-0.8 | 44 (29.5%) | 36 (24.5%) | |
  >0.8 | 74 (49.7%) | 49 (33.4%) | |
Physical activity | Â | Â | 0.304 |
  More than 25 minutes/day | 87 (58.4%) | 96 (64.9%) | |
  Less than 25 minutes/day | 62 (41.6%) | 52 (35.1%) |