From: Determinants of quality of life in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes
 | Type 1 diabetes (N = 490) | Type 2 diabetes (N = 1147) |  | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Mean (SD) | N (%) | Mean (SD) | N (%) | P value* |
Demographic factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age (years) | 51.5 (16.4) | Â | 63.7 (11.4) | Â | < 0.0001 |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Male |  | 230 (46.9) |  | 605 (52.7) | 0.03 |
   Female |  | 260 (53.1) |  | 542 (47.3) |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.11 |
   No partner |  | 125 (25.5) |  | 251 (21.9) |  |
   Have partner |  | 365 (74.5) |  | 896 (78.1) |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
   No college degree |  | 276 (56.3) |  | 747 (65.1) |  |
   College degree and higher |  | 214 (43.7) |  | 400 (34.9) |  |
Annual income | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.0001 |
   < $20,000 |  | 50 (10.2) |  | 157 (13.7) |  |
   $20,000-39,999 |  | 112 (22.9) |  | 330 (28.8) |  |
   $40,000-59,999 |  | 105 (21.4) |  | 293 (25.5) |  |
   $60,000-79,999 |  | 109 (22.2) |  | 172 (15.0) |  |
   $80,000-99,999 |  | 43 (8.8) |  | 89 (7.8) |  |
   $100,000 < |  | 71 (14.5) |  | 106 (9.2) |  |
Activity (personality) trait (score 1-5) | 3.3 (0.6) | Â | 3.2 (0.6) | Â | 0.11 |
Medical factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Diabetes duration (years) | 21.6 (12.8) | Â | 11.2 (12.8) | Â | < 0.0001 |
Insulin use | Â | Â | Â | Â | < 0.0001 |
   Yes |  | 490 (100.0) |  | 254 (22.1) |  |
Number of comorbidities (range 0-5) | 1.1 (1.2) | Â | 1.6 (1.2) | Â | < 0.0001 |
   0 |  | 199 (40.6) |  | 220 (19.2) |  |
   1 |  | 138 (28.2) |  | 329 (28.7) |  |
   2 |  | 85 (17.3) |  | 377 (32.9) |  |
   3 |  | 44 (9.0) |  | 147 (12.8) |  |
   4 |  | 20 (4.1) |  | 62 (5.4) |  |
   5 |  | 4 (0.8) |  | 12 (1.0) |  |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 (4.6) | Â | 29.1 (5.7) | Â | < 0.0001 |
Lifestyle factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Smoking | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.81 |
   Nonsmoking |  | 457 (93.3) |  | 1066 (92.9) |  |
   Currently smoking |  | 33 (6.7) |  | 81 (7.1) |  |
Physical Activity (min/week) | 184.4 (133.5) | Â | 179.2 (134.9) | Â | 0.48 |
Diet behavior (score 0-7) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Diet-general diet | 5.5 (1.5) |  | 5.3 (1.7) |  | 0.01 |
   Diet-specific diet | 5.1 (1.4) |  | 5.3 (1.4) |  | 0.05 |
   Diet-spacing carbohydrates | 5.6 (1.9) |  | 5.3 (2.0) |  | 0.002 |
Quality of life | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Health-related quality of life (score 0-100) | 54.8 (26.9) | Â | 54.7 (25.7) | Â | 0.96 |
Life satisfaction (score 5-35) | 16.2 (4.3) | Â | 16.6 (4.3) | Â | 0.14 |