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Table 4 DIF across countries prior to and after applying the post-hoc strategies (n = 243)

From: Cross-cultural validity of four quality of life scales in persons with spinal cord injury

Items

Prior modification

After modification

 

MS

F

df

p

MS

F

df

p

SWLS

    

Strategy 2

Ideal life

1.72

3.36

5

0.006

0.86

1.47

5

0.202

Life conditions

1.54

2.74

5

0.020

0.58

0.88

5

0.494

Life satisfaction

1.64

2.70

5

0.022

1.55

2.26

5

0.050

Got things I want

3.03

4.01

5

0.002b

deleted

   

Change nothing in life

15.15

11.20

5

0.000b

deleted

   

LISAT-9

    

Strategy 4

Life as a whole

1.45

2.35

5

0.042

0.76

1.15

5

0.333

Self care

3.23

3.64

5

0.004b

2.43

2.85

5

0.016

Vocational situation

1.34

1.67

5

0.142

0.97

1.37

5

0.237

Financial situation

7.13

8.08

5

0.000b

merged

   

Leisure situation

4.17

6.64

5

0.000b

merged

   

Sexual life

0.87

1.04

5

0.3959

2.01

1.90

5

0.095

Partner relations

2.27

1.65

5

0.1513

deleted

   

Family life

3.74

3.38

5

0.0058

deleted

   

Contact with friends

0.72

0.80

5

0.5485

2.21

2.05

5

0.073

Merged item 4 and 5

    

1.19

1.90

5

0.095

PWI

    

Strategy 3

Whole life

1.80

2.59

5

0.027

1.783

2.53

5

0.030

Living standard

2.08

2.28

5

0.048

2.094

2.25

5

0.051

Health

9.22

9.59

5

0.000b

merged

   

Life achievement

1.72

1.80

5

0.114

1.792

1.84

5

0.106

Relationships

4.44

4.65

5

0.001b

merged

   

Feeling safe

3.80

5.63

5

0.000b

merged

   

Feel part of community

1.82

2.20

5

0.055

1.811

2.16

5

0.060

Future security

2.77

3.88

5

0.002b

merged

   

Merged item 3 and 8

    

6.683

9.05

5

0.000 b

Merged item 5 and 6

    

0.286

0.39

5

0.858

WHOQoL-5

    

Strategy 3

Health

2.90

3.85

5

0.002b

merged

   

Activities of daily living

1.50

2.04

5

0.075

1.41

2.04

5

0.074

Relationships

2.32

2.50

5

0.031

2.14

2.46

5

0.034

Living place

2.97

2.99

5

0.012

2.69

2.89

5

0.015

Quality of life

2.36

4.13

5

0.001b

merged

   

Merged item 1 and 5

    

0.80

1.47

5

0.200

  1. Index:
  2. b: Below the Bonferroni corrected probability level of p < 0.05/number of items (SWLS and PWI: p < 0.01; LISAT and PWI: p < 0.006)
  3. Abbreviations:
  4. SWLS: Satisfaction with life scale; LISAT: Life satisfaction questionnaire; PWI: Personal well-being index; WHOQoL: World Health Organization quality of life assessment; DIF: Differential item functioning; MS: Mean square sum of residuals; F: F-distributed test value; df: Degrees of freedom; p: probability
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Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

ISSN: 1477-7525

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