Table 4 Outcomes of studies: Medical and occupational setting

(4a)

Medical: mechanisms of disease

[22]

932 female teachers (Belgium and Netherlands)

Female teachers with a Type D personality were significantly less likely to get treatment for their voice complaints than their non-Type D counterparts (25.7% vs. 39.3%; p = 0.016).

[26]

1012 adults

(U.K. and Ireland)

Type D individuals had fewer regular medical checkups (p = 0.027), and were less likely to eat sensibly (p = 0.033) or to spend time outdoors (p < 0.001) compared to non-Type Ds.

[8]

564 males

(U.K.)

Body dissatisfaction is more prevalent in Type D's or in men who are sedentary. The interaction between Type D and being sedentary is detrimental because it can influence health risk behaviors

[25]

84 adults

(U.K.)

Men with a Type D personality, but not women, exhibited higher cardiac output during experimental stress compared to non-Type D men (F[3, 37] = 3.4; p < 0.05).

[11]

173 university students

(Canada)

Socially inhibited men had heightened systolic and diastolic blood pressure reactivity (p < 0.05); negative affectivity was related to dampened heart rate reactivity in men (p < 0.05).

[10]

17 men

(Netherlands)

The difference in amygdala activity in reaction to fearful vs. neutral face/body expressions was present in non-Type Ds (p = 0.004) but was absent in Type D individuals (p = 0.110).

[15]

3331 healthy twins

(Netherlands)

Type D personality was substantially heritable (52%); heritability for negative affectivity was 46%, while heritability for social inhibition was 50%.

(4b)

Occupational: work-related problems

[12]

492 employees at manufactory

(Germany)

Employees with a Type D personality were more often absent from work than their non-Type D counterparts (β = 0.499; p < 0.01).

[20]

634 employees at manufactory

(Germany)

Employees with a Type D personality were more likely to report symptoms of vital exhaustion than non-Type Ds (r = 0.574; p < 0.001)

[17]

79 psychiatrists and nurses

(Poland)

Individuals with a Type D personality perceived their workplace as more stressful and had a higher level of burnout than non-Type D individuals.

[14]

151 prison workers

(Netherlands)

Type Ds were more at risk for post-traumatic stress disorder than non-Type Ds (OR 9.09; 95%CI = 2.1-39.1; p < 0.005); this risk increased when exposed to inmate aggression.