Table 2 Characteristics of studies*
Study | Country | Size sample | Participants | Mean age in years | Sex | % Type D | Design | Research group | Study quality | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[8] | U.K. | 564 | British males | M = 26.2 R = 18-55 | 564 men | 29% | Cross-sectional | Other | 8 | |
[9] | Belgium | 155 | policemen and nurses | M = 32 R = 20 - 56 | 66 men 85 women | 35.5% | Cross-sectional | Co RPS | 7 | |
[10] | Netherlands | 17 | right-handed men | M = 23 SD = 2.4 | 17 men no women | 23.5% | Cross-sectional | Co RPS | 6 | |
[11] | Canada | 173 | university students | M = 20.4 | 86 men 87 women | Unknown | Prospective | Other | 9 | |
[12] | Germany | 492 | employees at manufactory | M = 40.5 SD = 11.4 | 438 men 54 women | Unknown | Cross-sectional | Other | 9 | |
[13] | Netherlands | 668 | children | M = 10.3 R = 8.6 - 12.8 | 368 boys 300 girls | 27.5% | Prospective | Other | 7 | |
[14] | Netherlands | 151 | prison workers | M = 44.0 R = 22 - 59 | 111 men 40 women | 16.6% | Cross-sectional | Other | 8 | |
[15] | Netherlands | 3331 | healthy twins | M = 17.2 R = 12 - 24 | 1519 men 1812 women | 26.7% | Cross-sectional | Co RPS | 8 | |
[16] | Netherlands | 755 | student teachers | M = 18.8 R = 16-29 | No men 755 women | 25.9% | Cross-sectional | Other | 9 | |
[17] | Poland | 79 | psychiatrists and nurses | M = 39.7 S = 8.2 | 25 men 28 women | 27.8% | Cross-sectional | Other | 6 | |
[18] | Ukraine | 250 | university students | M = 20.9 SD = 3.4 | 113 men 137 women | 22.4% | Prospective | Co RPS | 9 | |
[19] | U.K. | 334 | university students | M = 19.5 R = 18-41 | 180 men 154 women | 24.9% | Cross-sectional | Other | 7 | |
[20] | Germany | 634 | employees at manufactory | M = 39.9 SD = 10.7 | 575 men 67 women | Unknown | Cross-sectional | Other | 7 | |
[21] | Netherlands | 5404 | adults | M = 45.8 SD = 15.9 | 2697 men 2707 women | Unknown | Prospective | Co RPS | 9 | |
[22] | Belgium/Netherlands | 932 | female teachers | M = 25 IQR = 19-42 | no men 932 women | 28.4% | Cross-sectional | Other | 8 | |
[23] | Netherlands | 622 | adults | M = 54.2 SD = 14 | 318 men 304 women | 18.1% | Cross-sectional | Co RPS | 8 | |
[24] | Belgium | 132 | adults | M = 33.7 SD = 14.5 | 70 men 57 women | Unknown | Cross-sectional | Other | 9 | |
[25] | U.K. | 84 | adults | M = 22.0 SD = 6.8 | 42 men 42 women | Unknown | Prospective | Other | 9 | |
[26] | U.K./Ireland | 1012 | adults | M = 20.5 SD = 4.8 | 225 men 787 women | 38.5% | Cross-sectional | Other | 8 | |