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Table 4 Cross-group Comparisons in PLA Scores by Age, Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Area of Residence

From: Development and preliminary evaluation of the participation in life activities scale for children and adolescents with asthma: an instrument development study

Groupings

N

M

SD

 

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

F

p

Age

         

   9–10 years

87

1.839

.845

Between

3.196

4

.799

1.303

.27

   11 years

75

1.684

.744

      

   12 years

55

1.791

.781

Within

183.425

299

.613

  

   13 years

52

1.845

.818

      

   14–15 years

35

2.040

.639

Total

186.622

303

   

   Total

304

1.816

.785

      

Race ‡

         

   African American/Black

69

1.737

.914

Between

6.505

4

1.626

2.700

.03ns

   Hispanic/Latino(a)

21

1.552

.869

      

   Caucasian/White

177

1.929

.716

Within

180.116

299

.602

  

   Mixed & Others

25

1.525

.782

      

   Missing

12

1.675

.555

Total

186.622

303

   

   Total

304

1.816

.785

      

Socioeconomic Status

         

   lower 0–49 points

86

1.615*

.852

Between

8.720

3

2.907

4.941

.00*

   low middle 50–69 points

84

1.825

.767

      

   upper middle 70–89 points

76

1.825

.744

Within

175.889

299

.588

  

   upper 90–99 points

57

2.119*

.652

      

   Total

303

1.821

.782

Total

184.609

302

   

Residence

         

   So Arizona/California

84

1.812

.755

Between

1.166

4

.291

.470

.76

   North western Ohio

27

1.859

.803

      

   Northern Lower Michigan

14

1.986

.523

Within

185.456

299

.620

  

   South eastern Michigan

34

1.924

.948

      

   South central Michigan

145

1.769

.782

Total

186.622

303

   

   Total

304

1.816

.785

      
  1. *p-value significant < .05
  2. †Harmonic mean used due to unequal group sizes.
  3. ‡Others included Asian, Pacific Islander, Middle Eastern, Native American