Table 1 Self-reported demographic and clinical characteristics of the insulin naïve and insulin treated participants. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001
Insulin naïve | Insulin-treated | |
|---|---|---|
n (%) | 146 (52%) | 136 (48%) |
Male sex | 46% (67/146) | 46% (63/136) |
Living alone | 31% (45/146) | 24% (32/136) |
White (Caucasian) | 94% (135/144) | 90% (120/133) |
Age (years) | ||
30–49 | 19% (27/146) | 27% (37/136) |
50–64 | 38% (55/146) | 34% (46/136) |
65 or older | 44% (64/146) | 39% (53/136) |
BMI | 33 ± 7 | 36 ± 9 ** |
Highest education | ||
< high school | 3% (4/146) | 2% (2/136) |
High school/GED | 49% (72/146) | 52% (70/136) |
College degree | 33% (48/146) | 32% (43/136) |
≥ Graduate degree | 15% (22/146) | 15% (21/136) |
Treatment for type 2 diabetes | ||
oral medication | 94% (137/146) | 56% (76/136)*** |
insulin pump | - | 2% (3/136) |
HbA1c | 6.5 ± 2.1 (n = 38) | 6.9 ± 1.6 (n = 53) |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 4.2 ± 1.2 | 5.3 ± 0.8 |
Diabetes complications | ||
Retinopathy | 21% (30/146) | 36% (49/136)** |
Cardiovascular | 47% (68/146) | 57% (77/136) |
Nephropathy | 7% (10/146) | 11% (15/136) |
Neuropathy | 21% (31/146) | 40% (55/136)*** |
Mean PAID total score | 22 ± 22 | 30 ± 23 *** |
Mean WHO-5 | 19 ± 5 | 18 ± 6** |