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Table 2 Indicators of physical symptoms with advanced end stage of COPD

From: Palliative care provision for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Social isolation

Depression

Anxiety

Poor quality of life

Intolerable dyspnoea

Frequent hospital admissions

Housebound or chair bound

Fatigue (excessive tiredness)

Loss of hobbies

Loss of weight

Low self-esteem

Long term oxygen therapy

FEV1 < 30%

  1. FEV1 = Percentage of forced expiratory volume in one second.