Assessing the construct validity of the Italian version of the EQ-5D: preliminary results from a cross-sectional study in North Italy

Table 2 Responses to the EQ-5D and SF-12 by socio-demographic characteristics.

Variable	% Reporting a problem (moderate or severe) for categorical variables or mean value for numeric variables.
	PCS	MCS	Mobility	Self-care	Usual activities	Pain/discomfort	Anxiety/depression	EQ-5D _index	EQ-5D _vas
Total sample	48.4	47.7	13.6	5.8	14.1	45.4	39.3	0.8	77.0
Age ^α	*	**	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
18–24	50.3	48.5	4.3	3.2	4.3	30.1	44.1	0.8	81
25–34	50.8	47.7	7.6	3.8	10.3	40.2	38.3	0.8	80
35–44	50.3	48.5	10.4	5.4	10.3	42.6	32.0	0.8	79
45–54	49.2	48.0	7.3	2.4	9.7	45.7	40.0	0.8	80
55–64	48.2	47.6	14.7	6.7	17.6	53.6	50.7	0.8	76
65–74	46.1	47.4	21.2	2.6	18.2	59.6	44.7	0.8	74
> 75	42.4	45.3	40.0	21.8	37.3	67.3	53.3	0.7	68
Gender ^β	*	**	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
Male	50.0	49.5	9.6	4.3	10.1	40.8	31.9	0.8	80
Female	46.8	45.8	19.2	8.0	19.8	56.2	51.9	0.8	75
Occupation ^δ	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
1	54.6	42.5	4.0	0	8.0	32.0	48.0	0.9	75
2	43.7	46.2	29.3	13.2	26.6	64.6	52.5	0.7	70
3	50.3	50.3	4	1.1	7.0	43.0	37.1	0.9	82
4	43.7	45.1	21.0	20.7	19.1	16.8	16.5	0.7	70
5	53.9	46.5	0.5	-	1.0	1.3	2.4	0.9	85
6	42.5	46.6	64.9	71.3	56.9	39.1	34.5	0.7	67
7	54.4	42.5	0.5	-	1.0	1.2	2.0	0.9	75
>Educational level γ	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
< 5 years	36.8	41.4	50.0	29.8	48.9	87.5	60.4	0.55	60.7
5 years	43.3	46.5	30.9	12.8	27.6	65.1	49.5	0.72	68.7
8 years	49.4	48.5	8.2	3.3	11.5	49.2	45.4	0.82	79.2
13 years	51.8	48.4	4.2	1.5	5.8	33.3	32.4	0.88	82.6
> 13 years	52.9	48.1	2.0	1.0	2.9	32.7	38.2	0.88	83.2
Marital status
Single^γ	52.5*	49.0	6.6*	5.6**	11.0**	15.7*	19.2**	0.88*	82.9*
Married^γ	48.0	47.6	60.2	52.8	60.7	67.8*	65.5*	0.81	77.0
Widowed^γ	39.1*	44.3**	31.3**	39.3**	26.5**	14.6**	13.0	0.61*	63.2*
Divorced^γ	51.5**	47.7	1.9	2.2	1.8	2.0	2.3	0.80	81.2

^αadjusted for gender; ^βadjusted for age; ^γadjusted for age and gender; *p <0.001 **p <0.05
^δ1 = manager, director, business-man; 2 = public employee; 3 = labor, 4 = house keeping, 5 = student, 6 = retiree, 7 = unemployed.

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