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Table 3 Ordinary least squares estimator of marginal effects for EQ-5D VAS scores

From: Ethnic differences in health related quality of life for patients with type 2 diabetes

 

Unadjusted β [Robust SE] (n = 1706)

Partially adjusted β [Robust SE] (n = 1654)

Fully adjusted β [Robust SE] (n = 1545)

Ethnicity (Referent = White Europeans)

   

All South Asians

-0.06 [0.02]**

0.02 [0.02]

0.06 [0.04]

Age (years)

 

-0.002 [0.001]*

-0.002 [0.001]**

Gender (Referent = Male)

   

Female

 

-0.10 [0.02]**

-0.10 [0.02]**

Marital status (Referent = Single)

   

Married

 

-0.08 [0.03]**

-0.07 [0.03]*

Widowed

 

-0.03 [0.04]

-0.02 [0.04]

Divorced

 

-0.14 [0.07]*

-0.18 [0.06]**

Ethnicity (Referent = White Europeans)

   

Carstairs index (Referent = 10.0-17.0)

   

-5 – 0.49

 

0.20 [0.03]**

0.05 [0.03]

0.5 – 3.9

 

0.16 [0.03]**

0.02 [0.03]

4.0 – 6.9

 

0.10 [0.03]**

0.01 [0.03]

7.0 – 9.9

 

0.08 [0.03]**

0.04 [0.03]

Smoking status (Referent = Non Smoker)

   

Current smoker

  

-0.02 [0.02]

Ex-smoker

  

-0.05 [0.02]*

Alcohol use (Referent = No)

   

Yes

  

0.003 [0.02]

BMI score (Referent 18.5 – 24.9)

   

< 18.5

  

-0.19 [0.13]

25.0 – 29.9

  

-0.02 [0.02]

30.0 – 34.9

  

-0.08 [0.02]**

35.0 – 39.9

  

-0.14 [0.03]**

>40.0

  

-0.18 [0.04]**

Duration of diabetes (Referent = 0-1 years)

   

2 – 5 years

  

-0.04 [0.02]

6 – 10 years

  

-0.04 [0.03]

11 – 15 years

  

-0.06 [0.03]

>15 years

  

-0.04 [0.03]

Tablets

  

-0.004 [0.02]

Insulin

  

-0.08 [0.04]*

Tablets and Insulin

  

-0.05 [0.03]

Family history of diabetes (Referent = No)

   

Yes

  

0.01 [0.02]

History of chronic heart disease (Referent = No)

   

Yes

  

-0.07 [0.02]**

Albumin concentration (Referent = Normal)

   

Microalbuminuria

  

0.03 [0.02]

Proteinuria

  

-0.03 [0.04]

Constant

0.73 [0.01]**

0.79 [0.05]**

0.89 [0.08]**

  1. *p-value <0.05; **p-value <0.01.