Table 1 Characteristics of the study population by ethnicity
From: Ethnic differences in health related quality of life for patients with type 2 diabetes
Indians | Pakistanis | Bangladeshis | Other South Asians | All South Asians | White Europeans | p-value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 461) | (n = 876) | (n = 138) | (n = 11) | (n = 1486) | (n = 492) | ||
Age (years) | |||||||
Mean [SD] | 59.5 [11.4] | 56.2 [11.9] | 54.3 [11.5] | 49.5 [11.5] | 57.0 [11.9] | 64.8 [11.6] | <0.0001 |
Gender | |||||||
Male; n (%) | 267 (58.0) | 438 (50.0) | 65 (47.1) | 6 (54.6) | 776 (52.2) | 287 (58.6) | 0.015 |
Female; n (%) | 193 (42.0) | 438 (50.0) | 73 (52.9) | 5 (45.5) | 709 (47.7) | 203 (41.4) | |
Marital status | |||||||
Single; n (%) | 8 (1.8) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (9.1) | 11 (0.7) | 38 (8.0) | <0.0001 |
Married; n (%) | 402 (90.1) | 811 (93.0) | 128 (92.8) | 9 (81.8) | 1350 (90.8) | 358 (75.1) | |
Widowed; n (%) | 31 (7.0) | 53 (6.1) | 9 (6.5) | 1 (9.1) | 94 (6.3) | 49 (10.0) | |
Divorced; n (%) | 5 (1.1) | 6 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (−) | 12 (0.8) | 32 (6.7) | |
Carstairs index score | |||||||
Mean [SD] | 2.9 [3.6] | 8.2 [4.0] | 8.2 [4.1] | 9.0 [4.6] | 6.6 [4.6] | 1.7 [3.1] | <0.0001 |
−5 – 0.49, n (%) | 133 (29.0) | 51 (5.9) | 8 (5.8) | 0 (0.0) | 192 (13.0) | 202 (42.1) | |
0.5 – 3.9, n (%) | 159 (34.7) | 74 (8.6) | 14 (10.2) | 2 (18.2) | 249 (16.9) | 160 (33.3) | |
4.0 – 6.9, n (%) | 97 (21.2) | 184 (21.3) | 32 (23.4) | 2(18.2) | 315(21.4) | 83 (17.3) | |
7.0 – 9.9, n (%) | 62 (13.5) | 257 (29.7) | 39 (28.5) | 1 (9.1) | 359(24.4) | 32 (6.7) | |
10.0 – 17.0, n (%) | 7 (1.5) | 300 (34.6) | 44 (32.1) | 6(54.6) | 357(24.3) | 3 (0.6) | |
Smoking status | |||||||
Non-smoker; n (%) | 407 (88.3) | 634 (72.4) | 89 (64.5) | 5 (45.5) | 1135 (76.4) | 231 (47.0) | <0.0001 |
Current smoker; n (%) | 29 (6.3) | 156 (17.8) | 36 (26.1) | 2 (18.2) | 223 (15.0) | 75 (15.2) | |
Ex-smoker; n (%) | 25 (5.4) | 86 (9.8) | 13 (9.4) | 4 (36.4) | 128 (8.6) | 186 (37.8) | |
Alcohol use | |||||||
No; n (%) | 298 (64.6) | 858 (97.9) | 138 (100) | 10 (90.9) | 1304 (87.8) | 231 (47.0) | <0.0001 |
Yes; n (%) | 163 (35.4) | 18 (2.1) | 0 (−) | 1 (9.1) | 182 (12.2) | 261 (53.0) | |
BMI score | |||||||
Mean [SD] | 28.3 [5.0] | 28.9 [5.3] | 26.5 [4.0] | 29.6 [5.6] | 28.5 [5.1] | 30.9 [7.3] | <0.0001 |
< 18.5; n (%) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (−) | 0 (−) | 3 (0.2) | 5 (1.0) | |
18.5 – 24.9; n (%) | 88 (19.1) | 156 (17.8) | 46 (33.3) | 2 (18.2) | 292 (19.7) | 74 (15.0) | |
25.0 – 29.9; n (%) | 218 (47.3) | 370 (42.2) | 64 (46.4) | 4 (36.4) | 656 (44.2) | 144 (29.3) | |
30.0 – 34.9; n (%) | 106 (23.0) | 231 (26.4) | 20 (14.5) | 3 (27.3) | 360 (24.2) | 156 (31.7) | |
35.0 – 39.9; n (%) | 36 (7.8) | 86 (9.8) | 7 (5.1) | 2 (18.2) | 131 (8.8) | 57 (11.6) | |
>40.0; n (%) | 12 (2.6) | 31 (3.5) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 44 (3.0) | 56 (11.4) | |
Duration of diabetes (years) | |||||||
Mean [SD] | 7.6 [7.0] | 7.7 [6.7] | 8.5 [6.1] | 3.9[4.6] | 7.7 [6.7] | 6.3 [7.0] | <0.0001 |
0 – 1years, n (%) | 80 (17.4) | 126 (14.4) | 7 (5.1) | 2 (18.2) | 215 (14.5) | 74 (15.0) | |
2 – 5years, n (%) | 154 (33.4) | 304 (34.7) | 51 (37.0) | 8 (72.7) | 517 (34.8) | 226 (45.9) | |
6 – 10years, n (%) | 113 (24.5) | 215 (24.5) | 31 (22.5) | 0 (−) | 359 (24.2) | 111 (22.6) | |
11 – 15years, n (%) | 50 (10.9) | 116 (13.2) | 29 (21.0) | 0 (−) | 195 (13.1) | 41 (8.3) | |
>15years, n (%) | 64 (13.9) | 115 (13.1) | 20 (14.5) | 1 (9.1) | 200 (13.5) | 40 (8.1) | |
Diabetes treatment | |||||||
Diet only; n (%) | 48 (10.4) | 113 (12.9) | 13 (9.4) | 2 (18.2) | 176 (11.8) | 142 (28.9) | <0.0001 |
Tablets; n (%) | 328 (71.2) | 587 (67.0) | 97 (70.3) | 8 (72.7) | 1038 (69.9) | 285 (57.9) | |
Insulin; n (%) | 47 (10.2) | 73 (8.3) | 12 (8.7) | 1 (9.1) | 128 (8.6) | 35 (7.1) | |
Tablets and Insulin; n (%) | 38 (8.2) | 103 (11.8) | 16 (11.6) | 0 (−) | 144 (9.7) | 30 (6.1) | |
Family history of diabetes | |||||||
No; n (%) | 236 (51.2) | 386 (44.1) | 75 (54.3) | 3 (27.3) | 700 (47.1) | 287 (58.3) | <0.0001 |
Yes; n (%) | 225 (48.8) | 490 (55.9) | 63 (45.7) | 8 (72.7) | 786 (52.9) | 205 (41.7) | |
History of cardiovascular disease | |||||||
No; n (%) | 371 (80.5) | 724 (82.7) | 114 (82.6) | 9 (81.8) | 1218 (82.0) | 387 (78.7) | 0.104 |
Yes; n (%) | 90 (19.5) | 152 (17.4) | 24 (17.4) | 2 (18.2) | 268 (18.0) | 105 (21.3) | |
Albumin concentration | |||||||
Normal; n (%) | 303 (72.8) | 612 (73.6) | 85 (64.4) | 7 (77.8) | 1007 (72.5) | 343 (74.1) | <0.0001 |
Microalbuminuria; n (%) | 84 (20.2) | 162 (19.5) | 33 (25.0) | 2 (22.2) | 281 (20.2) | 109 (23.5) | |
Proteinuria; n (%) | 29 (7.0) | 58 (7.0) | 14 (10.6) | 0 (−) | 101 (7.3) | 11 (2.4) | |
EQ-5D utility score | |||||||
Mean [SD] | 0.8 [0.3] | 0.6 [0.4] | 0.7 [0.3] | 0.6 [0.4] | 0.7 [0.3] | 0.7 [0.3] | 0.0005 |
EQ-5D VAS score | |||||||
Mean [SD] | 63.7 [19.7] | 63.2 [22.3] | 64.0 [21.4] | 69.2 [28.2] | 63.5 [21.49] | 71.3 [18.1] | <0.0001 |