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Table 4 Outcome measures of knee joint range of motion and static postural control with open and closed eyes

From: The effect of continuous passive motion and sling exercise training on clinical and functional outcomes following total knee arthroplasty: a randomized active-controlled clinical study

 

Pretest

Posttest‡

Follow-up‡

Variable

ST

CPM

ST

CPM

Mean difference

ST

CPM

Mean difference

 

(n = 19)

(n = 19)

(n = 19)

(n = 19)

(95% CI)

(n = 19)

(n = 19)

(95% CI)

Range of motion

       

Active flexion, °

108.4 (15.1)

103.0 (21.7)

91.8 (6.9)

87.4 (6.9)

4.4 (−0.4, 9.1)†

101.4 (9.6)

103.3 (9.6)

−1.9 (−8.5, 4.7)

Passive flexion, °

111.6 (13.7)

106.1 (20.2)

95.3 (7.4)

89.2 (7.4)

6.0 (0.9, 11.2)*

104.1 (8.6)

107.1 (8.6)

−3.0 (−8.9, 2.9)

Active extension, °

4.5 (5.2)

3.4 (6.7)

1.6 (3.2)

1.7 (3.2)

−0.1 (−2.3, 2.1)

3.8 (5.4)

2.0 (5.4)

1.8 (−1.9, 5.4)

Passive extension, °

3.6 (4.0)

3.4 (5.5)

0.7 (1.6)

<0.1 (1.6)

0.7 (−0.4, 1.8)

2.8 (4.1)

0.8 (4.1)

2.0 (−0.8, 3.8)

Postural control – eyes open

      

Area, cm2

1.50 (0.52)

1.47 (0.92)

1.63 (0.83)

1.62 (0.83)

0.01 (−0.54, 0.56)

1.42 (0.62)

1.44 (0.62)

−0.03 (−0.43, 0.38)

Swaym-l, mm

5.33 (2.46)

4.84 (1.77)

6.61 (2.73)

7.29 (2.73)

−0.68 (−2.50, 1.14)

6.25 (2.18)

6.12 (2.18)

0.13 (−1.30, 1.56)

Swaya-p, mm

5.66 (2.22)

4.99 (1.64)

8.77 (4.11)

7.86 (4.11)

0.92 (−1.82, 3.66)

7.29 (2.95)

6.17 (2.95)

1.12 (−0.83, 3.07)

Velocitym-l, mm∙s−1

11.32 (2.66)

11.55 (4.78)

17.87 (7.59)

18.03 (7.59)

−0.17 (−5.19, 4.86)

15.70 (8.59)

18.32 (8.59)

−2.62 (−8.26, 3.02)

Velocitya-p, mm∙s−1

12.53 (3.09)

11.89 (3.40)

24.39 (8.72)

22.39 (8.72)

2.00 (−3.80, 7.79)

19.64 (8.00)

20.13 (8.00)

−0.48 (−5.74, 4.77)

Postural control – eyes closed

      

Area. cm2

3.24 (2.11)

4.16 (3.39)

3.83 (1.41)

3.23 (1.41)

0.59 (−0.35, 1.53)

3.19 (2.09)

3.68 (2.09)

−0.49 (−1.87, 0.89)

Swaym-l, mm

6.30 (2.08)

6.90 (2.28)

6.84 (2.55)

7.13 (2.55)

−0.29 (−1.98, 1.40)

6.36 (2.01)

6.03 (2.01)

0.32 (−1.00, 1.64)

Swaya-p, mm

7.33 (2.65)

8.29 (4.76)

9.12 (3.98)

7.54 (3.98)

1.58 (−1.05, 4.22)

7.99 (2.31)

7.33 (2.31)

0.66 (−0.86, 2.18)

Velocitym-l, mm∙s−1

16.54 (5.48)

19.10 (11.70)

18.61 (5.59)

17.37 (5.59)

1.23 (−2.47, 4.94)

16.95 (7.25)

17.20 (7.25)

−0.25 (−5.04, 4.54)

Velocitya-p, mm∙s−1

19.34 (5.58)

21.63 (14.36)

25.71 (6.44)

21.21 (6.44)

4.50 (0.23, 8.77)†

20.44 (6.66)

19.41 (6.66)

1.03(−3.36, 5.42)

  1. Abbreviations: ST, sling exercise training group; CPM, continuous passive motion group; m-l, medio-lateral; a-p, anterior-posterior.
  2. *denotes a significant difference (P ≤ 0.025); †denotes a statistical tendency (P ≤ 0.100). ‡ANCOVA: values of the posttest were adjusted for baseline, sex, weight, age, pain and physical activity; values of the follow-up-measurement were adjusted for baseline, sex, weight, age and physical activity.
  3. Values of the pretest are presented as mean (standard deviation). Values of the posttest and follow-up-measurement are presented as estimated marginal means (standard deviation).
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