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Table 4 Hierarchical Poisson regression for impact on OHRQoL of family and independent variables

From: Impact of oral health conditions on the quality of life of preschool children and their families: a cross-sectional study

Variable

Impact on family’s OHRQoL

Bivariate

Multivariate

 

Present n (%)

Absent n (%)

Unadjusted

Adjusted

PR*

PR †

p-value

p-value

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

Sex

      

Female

106 (26.0)

301 (74.0)

 

1.00

-

-

Male

115 (26.4)

321 (73.6)

0.913

1.013 (0.807-1.270)

-

-

Age

      

3 years

66 (24.0)

209 (76.0)

 

1.00

-

-

4 years

85 (25.4)

249 (74.6)

0.681

1.060 (0.802-1.402)

-

-

5 years

70 (29.9)

164 (70.1)

0.133

1.246 (0.935-1.662)

-

-

1 st level

Type of preschool

      

Public

131 (28.7)

325 (71.3)

0.074

1.235 (0.980-1.557)

-

-

Private

90 (23.3)

297 (76.7)

 

1.00

-

-

Mother’s schooling

      

≤ 8 years of study

117 (30.2)

271 (69.8)

0.019

1.311 (1.045-1.644)

-

-

> 8 years of study

104 (23.0)

348(77.0)

 

1.00

-

-

Monthly household income

      

≤ 1 minimum salary

132 (29.9)

310 (70.1)

0.023

1.318 (1.039-1.673)

-

-

> 1 minimum salary

82 (22.7)

280 (77.3)

 

1.00

-

-

Parent’s/guardian’s age

      

≤ 30 years

120 (28.4)

302 (71.6)

0.080

1.232 (0.975-1.557)

-

-

> 30 years

93 (23.1)

310 (76.9)

 

1.00

-

-

Number of residents in home

      

< 6

176 (25.2)

523 (74.8)

 

1.00

-

-

≥ 6

43 (33.3)

86 (66.7)

0.046

1.324 (1.005-1.744)

-

-

Birth order

      

Only child

55 (20.9)

208 (79.1)

 

1.00

-

-

Oldest child

39 (31.7)

84 (68.3)

0.020

1.516 (1.068-2.152)

-

-

Middle child

27 (26.0)

77 (74.0)

0.290

1.241 (0.832-1.853)

-

-

Youngest child

98 (28.1)

251 (71.9)

0.046

1.343 (1.006-1.792)

-

-

2 nd level

Perception of general health

      

Good

157 (23.1)

523 (76.9)

 

1.00

-

-

Poor

61 (38.4)

98 (61.6)

<0.001

1.662 (1.307-2.113)

-

-

Perception of oral health

      

Good

88 (15.7)

472 (84.3)

 

1.00

 

1.00

Poor

133 (47.2)

149 (52.8)

<0.001

3.001 (2.389-3.770)

<0.001

2.116 (1.624-2.757)

3 rd level

Dental caries

      

Absent

35 (12.4)

248 (87.6)

 

1.00

-

-

Present

186 (33.2)

374 (66.8)

<0.001

2.686 (1.928-3.742)

-

-

Cavitated lesions

      

Absent/white spots

55 (12.5)

386 (87.5)

 

1.00

 

1.00

Cavitated anterior teeth

14 (24.1)

44 (75.9)

0.013

1.935 (1.152-3.252)

0.079

1.586 (0.949-2.651)

Cavitated posterior teeth

73 (39.7)

111 (60.3)

<0.001

3.181 (2.345-4.315)

<0.001

2.380 (1.679-3.372)

Cavitated anterior and posterior teeth

79 (49.4)

81 (50.6)

<0.001

3.959 (2.954-5.306)

<0.001

2.809 (2.009-3.926)

TDI

      

Absent

143 (25.9)

410 (74.1)

 

1.00

-

-

Present

74 (25.9)

212 (74.1)

0.996

1.001 (0.786-1.274)

-

-

Type of TDI

      

Discolouration

32 (33.0)

65 (67.0)

0.080

1.322 (0.968-1.805)

0.054

1.326 (0.995-1.766)

Avulsion and/or luxation

4 (36.4)

7 (63.6)

0.352

1.457 (0.660-3.217)

0.006

2.448 (1.288-4.653)

Enamel + dentine fracture

9 (21.4)

33 (78.6)

0.614

0.858 (0.474-1.554)

0.877

1.048 (0.582-1.885)

Enamel fracture and without trauma

172 (25.0)

517 (75.0)

 

1.00

 

1.00

Malocclusion

      

Absent

81 (27.6)

212 (72.4)

0.386

1.110 (0.877-1.405)

-

-

Present

136 (24.9)

410 (75.1)

 

1.00

-

-

Anterior crossbite

      

Absent

207 (25.5)

606 (74.5)

 

1.00

-

-

Present

9 (39.1)

14 (60.9)

0.107

1.537 (0.911-2.593)

-

-

Anterior open bite

      

Absent

166 (25.7)

481 (74.3)

0.950

1.009 (0.759-1.341)

-

-

Present

45 (25.4)

132 (74.6)

 

1.00

-

-

Posterior crossbite

      

Absent

548 (74.9)

184 (25.1)

 

1.00

-

-

Unilateral

27 (29.0)

66 (71.0)

0.408

1.155 (0.821-1.625)

-

-

Bilateral

5 (55.6)

4 (44.4)

0.009

2.210 (1.216-4.017)

-

-

Increased overbite

      

Absent

185 (27.8)

481 (72.2)

0.006

1.688 (1.164-2.449)

-

-

Present

26(16.5)

132(83.5)

 

1.00

-

-

Increased overjet

      

Absent

128 (27.2)

342 (72.8)

0.298

1.133 (0.896-1.432)

-

-

Present

88 (24.0)

278 (76.0)

 

1.00

-

-

  1. *Unadjusted Poisson regression for independent variables and impact on family’s quality of life.
  2. **Variables incorporated in multivariate model (p < 0.20): sex, age, type of preschool, mother’s schooling, monthly household income, parent’s/guardian’s age, number of residents in home, child’s birth order, parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s general health, parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s oral health, dental caries, untreated dental caries, traumatic dental injury, type of traumatic dental injury, malocclusion, anterior crossbite, posterior crossbite and increased overbite.
  3. ***For dental caries, the cut-off point was code ≥ 2; for cavitated lesions, absent/white spots (codes ≤ 2) and cavitated tooth (codes ≥ 3) were considered.
  4. †Hierarchical Poisson regression: Level 1 adjusted for child’s characteristics and socio-demographic variables; Level 2 adjusted for child’s characteristics, socio-demographic variables and parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s health; Level 3 adjusted for child’s characteristics, socio-demographic variables, parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s health and oral health problems (dental caries, traumatic dental injuries and malocclusion).