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Table 3 Hierarchical Poisson regression for impact on OHRQoL of children and independent variables

From: Impact of oral health conditions on the quality of life of preschool children and their families: a cross-sectional study

Variable

Impact on child’s OHRQoL

Bivariate

Multivariate

 

Present n (%)

Absent n (%)

Unadjusted

Adjusted

PR*

PR †

p-value

p-value

(95% CI)

(95% CI)

Sex

      

Female

132 (32.4)

275 (67.6)

0.864

1.017 (0.836-1.238)

-

-

Male

139 (31.9)

297 (68.1)

 

1.00

-

-

Age

      

3 years

71 (25.8)

204 (74.2)

 

1.00

-

-

4 years

95 (28.4)

239 (71.6)

0.470

1.102 (0.847-1.433)

-

-

5 years

105 (44.9)

129 (55.1)

<0.001

1.738 (1.360-2.222)

-

-

1 st level

Type of preschool

      

Public

171 (37.5)

285 (62.5)

<0.001

1.451 (1.181-1.784)

-

-

Private

100 (25.8)

287 (74.2)

 

1.00

-

-

Mother’s schooling

      

≤ 8 years of study

153 (39.4)

235 (60.6)

<0.001

1.510 (1.239-1.841)

-

-

> 8 years of study

118 (26.1)

334 (73.9)

 

1.00

-

-

Monthly household income

      

≤ 1 minimum salary

177 (40.0)

265 (60.0)

<0.001

1.686 (1.357-2.094)

-

-

> 1 minimum salary

86 (23.8)

276 (76.2)

 

1.00

-

-

Parent’s/guardian’s age

      

≤ 30 years

139 (32.9)

283 (67.1)

0.456

1.079 (0.883-1.319)

-

-

> 30 years

123 (30.5)

280 (69.5)

 

1.00

-

-

Number of residents in home

      

< 6

214 (30.6)

485 (69.4)

 

1.00

-

-

≥ 6

53 (41.1)

76 (58.9)

0.014

1.342 (1.061-1.697)

-

-

Birth order

      

Only child

60 (22.8)

203 (77.2)

 

1.00

 

1.00

Oldest child

50 (40.7)

73 (59.3)

<0.001

1.782 (1.309-2.425)

0.025

1.430 (1.045-1.958)

Middle child

38 (36.5)

66 (63.5)

0.006

1.602 (1.143-2.243)

0.316

1.183 (0.852-1.641)

Youngest child

121 (34.7)

228 (65.3)

0.002

1.520 (1.166-1.981)

0.106

1.228 (0.957-1.575)

2 nd level

Perception of general health

      

Good

201 (29.6)

479 (70.4)

 

1.00

-

-

Poor

70 (44.0)

89 (56.0)

<0.001

1.489 (1.207-1.838)

-

-

Perception of oral health

      

Good

120 (21.4)

440 (78.6)

 

1.00

 

1.00

Poor

151 (53.5)

131 (46.5)

<0.001

2.499 (2.062-3.029)

<0.001

1.732 (1.399-2.145)

3 rd level

Dental caries

      

Absent

46 (16.3)

237 (83.7)

 

1.00

-

-

Present

225 (40.2)

335 (59.8)

<0.001

2.472 (1.862-3.281)

-

-

Cavitated lesions

      

Absent/white spots

77 (17.5)

364 (82.5)

 

1.00

 

1.00

Cavitated anterior teeth

17 (29.3)

41 (70.7)

0.024

1.679 (1.072-2.628)

0.146

1.422 (0.885-2.287)

Cavitated posterior teeth

82 (44.6)

102 (55.4)

<0.001

2.552 (1.970-3.307)

<0.001

2.011 (1.518-2.664)

Cavitated anterior and posterior teeth

95 (59.4)

65 (40.6)

<0.001

3.401 (2.675-4.323)

<0.001

2.596 (1.982-3.400)

TDI

      

Absent

168 (30.4)

385 (69.6)

 

1.00

 

1.00

Present

100 (35.0)

186 (65.0)

0.173

1.151 (0.940-1.409)

0.001

1.413 (1.161-1.718)

Type of TDI

      

Discolouration

38 (39.2)

59 (60.8)

0.071

1.285 (0.979-1.688)

-

-

Avulsion and/or luxation

4 (36.4)

7 (63.6)

0.661

1.193 (0.542-2.628)

-

-

Enamel + dentine fracture

16 (38.1)

26 (61.9)

0.276

1.250 (0.836-1.868)

-

-

Enamel fracture and without trauma

210 (30.5)

479 (69.5)

 

1.00

-

-

Malocclusion

      

Absent

95 (32.4)

198 (67.6)

0.827

1.023 (0.833-1.258)

-

-

Present

173 (31.7)

373 (68.3)

 

1.00

-

-

Anterior crossbite

      

Absent

256 (31.5)

557 (68.5)

 

1.00

-

-

Present

9 (39.1)

14 (60.9)

0.413

1.243 (0.739-2.090)

-

-

Anterior open bite

      

Absent

201 (31.1)

446 (68.9)

 

1.00

-

-

Present

58 (32.8)

119 (67.2)

0.663

1.055 (0.830-1.341)

-

-

Posterior crossbite

      

Absent

229 (31.3)

503 (68.7)

 

1.00

-

-

Unilateral

30 (32.3)

63 (67.7)

0.848

1.031 (0.754-1.411)

-

-

Bilateral

5 (55.6)

4 (44.4)

0.058

1.776 (0.980-3.217)

-

-

Increased overbite

      

Absent

224 (33.6)

442 (66.4)

0.009

1.518 (1.112-2.073)

-

-

Present

35 (22.2)

123 (77.8)

 

1.00

-

-

Increased overjet

      

Absent

144 (30.6)

326 (69.4)

 

1.00

-

-

Present

121 (33.1)

245 (66.9)

0.455

1.079 (0.884-1.317)

-

-

  1. *Unadjusted Poisson regression for independent variables and impact on child’s quality of life.
  2. **Variables incorporated in multivariate model (p < 0.20): sex, age, type of preschool, mother’s schooling, monthly household income, number of residents in home, child’s birth order, parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s general health, parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s oral health, dental caries, untreated dental caries, traumatic dental injury, type of traumatic dental injury, malocclusion, posterior crossbite and increased overbite.
  3. ***For dental caries, the cut-off point was code ≥ 2; for cavitated lesions, absent/white spots (codes ≤ 2) and cavitated tooth (codes ≥ 3) were considered.
  4. †Hierarchical Poisson regression: Level 1 adjusted for child’s characteristics and socio-demographic variables; Level 2 adjusted for child’s characteristics, socio-demographic variables and parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s health; Level 3 adjusted for child’s characteristics, socio-demographic variables, parent’s/caregiver’s perception of child’s health and oral health problems (dental caries, traumatic dental injuries and malocclusion).
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Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

ISSN: 1477-7525

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