Table 3 Physical and psychological long-term outcome after TBI between the study groups

GOS

5.0 ± 0.2

4.5 ± 0.8

4.6 ± 0.6

0.009

SF-12 physical (PCS)

44.6 ± 4.0

43.6 ± 4.3

41.9 ± 5.8

0.060

Barthel score

99.4 ± 2.1

92.3 ± 24.7

94.5 ± 19.3

0.337

Psychological outcome

SF-12 mental (MCS)

56.5 ± 6.6

52.7 ± 7.9

53.3 ± 9.4

0.215

HADS anxiety

1.7 ± 2.4

4.3 ± 3.4

4.1 ± 4.2

0.010

HADS depression

0.6 ± 1.4

1.6 ± 2.7

2.5 ± 3.6

0.026

IES score

1.8 ± 5.4

6.8 ± 12.3

6.2 ± 12.3

0.164