|
N (%)
|
WC categories (cm)a
|
WHR categoriesb
|
|---|
|
Normal WC (<85)
|
Mild abdominal obesity (85–95)
|
Severe abdominal obesity (≥95)
|
P-value
|
Normal WHR (<0.90)
|
Abdominal obesity (≥0.90)
|
P-value
|
|---|
|
Total
|
842(55.7)
|
452(29.9)
|
217(14.4)
| |
1011(66.9)
|
500(33.1)
| |
|
City
| | | | | | | |
|
Shanghai
|
119(41.0)
|
111(38.3)
|
60(20.7)
|
<0.001
|
163(56.2)
|
127(43.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
Beijing
|
96(37.4)
|
108(42.0)
|
53(20.6)
| |
153(59.5)
|
104(40.5)
| |
|
Wuhan
|
208(64.0)
|
70(21.5)
|
47(14.5)
| |
244(75.1)
|
81(24.9)
| |
|
Xian
|
198(64.1)
|
71(23.0)
|
40(12.9)
| |
213(68.9)
|
96(31.1)
| |
|
Guangzhou
|
221(67.0)
|
92(27.9)
|
17(5.1)
| |
238(72.1)
|
92(27.9)
| |
|
Region
| | | | | | | |
|
Urban
|
374(49.3)
|
255(33.6)
|
130(17.1)
|
<0.001
|
509(67.1)
|
250(32.9)
|
0.899
|
|
Rural
|
468(62.2)
|
197(26.2)
|
87(11.6)
| |
502(66.8)
|
250(33.2)
| |
|
Age (years)
| | | | | | | |
|
18–29
|
264(75.0)
|
55(15.6)
|
33(9.4)
|
<0.001
|
295(83.8)
|
57(16.2)
|
<0.001
|
|
30–39
|
214(58.6)
|
106(29.0)
|
45(12.3)
| |
270(74.0)
|
95(26.0)
| |
|
40–49
|
180(52.2)
|
113(32.7)
|
52(15.1)
| |
219(63.5)
|
126(36.5)
| |
|
50–59
|
101(44.9)
|
83(36.9)
|
41(18.2)
| |
122(54.2)
|
103(45.8)
| |
|
60–80
|
83(37.1)
|
95(42.4)
|
46(20.5)
| |
105(46.9)
|
119(53.1)
| |
|
Marital status
| | | | | | | |
|
Married
|
590(51.0)
|
385(33.3)
|
181(15.7)
|
<0.001
|
724(62.6)
|
432(37.4)
|
<0.001
|
|
Unmarried
|
235(74.4)
|
52(16.5)
|
29(9.2)
| |
264(83.5)
|
52(16.5)
| |
|
Separated/divorced/widowed
|
16(42.1)
|
15(39.5)
|
7(18.4)
| |
22(57.9)
|
16(42.1)
| |
|
Education
| | | | | | | |
|
Primary school/uneducated
|
102(54.5)
|
60(32.1)
|
25(13.4)
|
0.021
|
109(58.3)
|
78(41.7)
|
0.026
|
|
Secondary/high school
|
575(58.6)
|
277(28.2)
|
130(13.2)
| |
666(67.8)
|
316(32.2)
| |
|
College graduate
|
165(48.3)
|
115(33.6)
|
62(18.1)
| |
236(69.0)
|
106(31.0)
| |
|
Occupationc
| | | | | | | |
|
Office worker
|
249(52.0)
|
158(33.0)
|
72(15.0)
|
0.105
|
317(66.2)
|
162(33.8)
|
0.690
|
|
Manual worker
|
591(57.5)
|
293(28.5)
|
144(14.0)
| |
691(67.2)
|
337(32.8)
| |
|
Family income/month (Yuan)
| | | | | | | |
|
~1999
|
457(61.8)
|
185(25.0)
|
98(13.2)
|
<0.001
|
500(67.6)
|
240(32.4)
|
0.801
|
|
2000~
|
316(50.9)
|
208(33.5)
|
97(15.6)
| |
414(66.7)
|
207(33.3)
| |
|
5000~
|
66(45.5)
|
58(40.0)
|
21(14.5)
| |
94(64.8)
|
51(35.2)
| |
|
Smokingd
| | | | | | | |
|
Non-smokers
|
350(58.9)
|
170(28.6)
|
74(12.5)
|
0.028
|
426(71.7)
|
168(28.3)
|
0.001
|
|
Smokers
|
492(53.6)
|
282(30.8)
|
143(15.6)
| |
585(63.8)
|
332(36.2)
| |
|
Drinkinge
| | | | | | | |
|
Non-drinkers
|
531(59.7)
|
242(27.2)
|
117(13.1)
|
0.001
|
629(70.7)
|
261(29.3)
|
<0.001
|
|
Drinkers
|
311(50.2)
|
209(33.7)
|
100(16.1)
| |
381(61.5)
|
239(38.5)
| |
|
Physical activity
| | | | | | | |
|
Never
|
115(50.9)
|
70(31.0)
|
41(18.1)
|
0.078
|
132(58.4)
|
94(41.6)
|
0.007
|
|
<4 times/month
|
87(54.4)
|
51(31.9)
|
22(13.8)
| |
115(71.9)
|
45(28.1)
| |
|
≥1 time/week
|
139(58.6)
|
64(27.0)
|
34(14.4)
| |
171(72.1)
|
66(27.9)
| |
|
≥1 time/day
|
499(56.6)
|
265(30.0)
|
118(13.4)
| |
591(67.0)
|
291(33.0)
| |
|
Hypertension
| | | | | | | |
|
No
|
784(60.3)
|
364(28.0)
|
152(11.7)
|
<0.001
|
916(70.5)
|
384(29.5)
|
<0.001
|
|
Yes
|
58(27.5)
|
88(41.7)
|
65(30.8)
| |
95(45.0)
|
116(55.0)
| |
|
Angina pectoris
| | | | | | | |
|
No
|
836(56.1)
|
440(29.6)
|
213(14.3)
|
0.036
|
1001(67.2)
|
488(32.8)
|
0.031
|
|
Yes
|
6(27.3)
|
12(54.5)
|
4(18.2)
| |
10(45.5)
|
12(54.5)
| |
|
Cerebrovascular disease
| | | | | | | |
|
No
|
830(56.3)
|
436(29.6)
|
208(14.1)
|
0.005
|
992(67.3)
|
482(32.7)
|
0.042
|
|
Yes
|
12(32.4)
|
16(43.3)
|
9(24.3)
| |
19(51.4)
|
18(48.6)
| |
|
Chronic bronchitis
| | | | | | | |
|
No
|
809(56.3)
|
427(29.7)
|
201(14.0)
|
0.026
|
972(67.6)
|
465(32.4)
|
0.008
|
|
Yes
|
33(44.6)
|
25(33.8)
|
16(21.6)
| |
39(52.7)
|
35(47.3)
| |
|
Rheumatoid arthritis
| | | | | | | |
|
No
|
808(55.7)
|
433(29.8)
|
210(14.5)
|
0.693
|
974(67.1)
|
477(32.9)
|
0.379
|
|
Yes
|
34(56.7)
|
19(31.7)
|
7(11.7)
| |
37(61.7)
|
23(38.3)
| |
|
Osteoarthritis
| | | | | | | |
|
No
|
826(56.0)
|
437(29.6)
|
213(14.4)
|
0.561
|
993(67.3)
|
483(32.7)
|
0.049
|
|
Yes
|
16(45.7)
|
15(42.9)
|
4(11.4)
| |
18(51.4)
|
17(48.6)
| |
|
Diabetes
| | | | | | | |
|
No
|
832(56.9)
|
426(29.1)
|
205(14.0)
|
<0.001
|
990(67.7)
|
473(32.3)
|
<0.001
|
|
Yes
|
10(20.8)
|
26(54.2)
|
12(25.0)
| |
21(43.8)
|
27(56.2)
| |
- WC, waist circumference.
- WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.
- aCochran–Mantel–Haenszel test was used.
- bChi-square test was used.
- cOffice worker: individuals who engaged in one of the following occupations—government employees, professional or technician, students in school, and personnel. Manual worker: individuals who engaged in one of the following occupations—agricultural or fisheries workers, blue-collar worker, or personal services.
- dNon-smoker: individuals who had never smoked or had stopped smoking. Smoker: individuals who smoked at least 1 cigarette per day.
- eNon-drinker: individuals who did not drink alcohol. Drinker: individuals who drank at least 1 time per month.
