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Table 1 Characteristics of women as categorized by WC and WHR

From: Abdominal obesity and its association with health-related quality of life in adults: a population-based study in five Chinese cities

N (%)

WC categories (cm)a

WHR categoriesb

Normal WC (<80)

Mild abdominal obesity (80–90)

Severe abdominal obesity (≥90)

P-value

Normal WHR (<0.85)

Abdominal obesity (≥0.85)

P-value

Total

936(55.9)

453(27.1)

284(17.0)

 

1018(60.9)

655(39.2)

 

City

       

  Shanghai

189(53.8)

111(31.6)

51(14.5)

<0.001

218(62.1)

133(37.9)

<0.001

  Beijing

151(45.5)

96(28.9)

85(25.6)

 

160(48.2)

172(51.8)

 

  Wuhan

193(57.6)

85(25.4)

57(17.0)

 

207(61.8)

128(38.2)

 

  Xian

179(53.4)

90(26.9)

66(19.7)

 

210(62.7)

125(37.3)

 

  Guangzhou

224(70.0)

71(22.2)

25(7.8)

 

223(69.7)

97(30.3)

 

Region

       

  Urban

479(58.8)

230(28.2)

106(13.0)

<0.001

546(67.0)

269(33.0)

<0.001

  Rural

457(53.3)

223(26.0)

178(20.7)

 

472(55.0)

386(45.0)

 

Age (years)

       

  18–29

322(84.5)

49(12.9)

10(2.6)

<0.001

307(80.6)

74(19.4)

<0.001

  30–39

260(71.4)

81(22.3)

23(6.3)

 

277(76.1)

87(23.9)

 

  40–49

204(49.9)

132(32.3)

73(17.8)

 

263(64.3)

146(35.7)

 

  50–59

90(34.9)

95(36.8)

73(28.3)

 

106(41.1)

152(58.9)

 

  60–80

60(23.0)

96(36.8)

105(40.2)

 

65(24.9)

196(75.1)

 

Marital status

       

  Married

687(52.3)

382(29.1)

244(18.6)

<0.001

777(59.2)

536(40.80)

<0.001

  Unmarried

213(87.0)

28(11.4)

4(1.6)

 

202(82.4)

43(17.6)

 

  Separated/divorced/widowed

36(31.3)

43(37.4)

36(31.3)

 

39(33.9)

76(66.1)

 

Education

       

  Primary school/uneducated

136(35.5)

125(32.6)

122(31.9)

<0.001

135(35.3)

248(64.7)

<0.001

  Secondary/high school

578(58.0)

269(27.0)

149(15.0)

 

651(65.4)

345(34.6)

 

  College graduate

222(75.5)

59(20.1)

13(4.4)

 

232(78.9)

62(21.1)

 

Occupationc

       

  Office worker

299(70.4)

89(20.9)

37(8.7)

<0.001

318(74.8)

107(25.2)

<0.001

  Manual worker

635(51.0)

364(29.2)

247(19.8)

 

700(56.2)

546(43.8)

 

Family income/month (Yuan)

       

  ~1999

439(49.6)

251(28.3)

196(22.1)

<0.001

463(52.3)

423(47.7)

<0.001

  2000~

406(62.3)

171(26.2)

75(11.5)

 

459(70.4)

193(29.6)

 

  5000~

87(66.9)

30(23.1)

13(10.0)

 

91(70.0)

39(30.0)

 

Smokingd

       

  Non-smokers

918(56.2)

443(27.1)

272(16.7)

0.044

999(61.2)

634(38.8)

0.080

  Smokers

18(45.0)

10(25.0)

12(30.0)

 

19(47.5)

21(52.5)

 

Drinkinge

       

  Non-drinkers

907(56.0)

436(27.0)

275(17.0)

0.796

982(60.7)

636(39.3)

0.477

  Drinkers

29(52.7)

17(30.9)

9(16.4)

 

36(65.5)

19(34.5)

 

Physical activity

       

  Never

175(58.3)

80(26.7)

45(15.0)

<0.001

178(59.3)

122(40.7)

<0.001

  <4 times/month

99(68.8)

28(19.4)

17(11.8)

 

106(73.6)

38(26.4)

 

  ≥1 time/week

155(64.3)

56(23.2)

30(12.5)

 

168(69.7)

73(30.3)

 

  ≥1 time/day

505(51.3)

288(29.2)

192(19.5)

 

565(57.4)

420(42.6)

 

Hypertension

       

  No

898(61.2)

383(26.1)

187(12.7)

<0.001

965(65.7)

503(34.3)

<0.001

  Yes

38(18.5)

70(34.2)

97(47.3)

 

53(25.8)

152(74.2)

 

Angina pectoris

       

  No

932(56.8)

443(27.0)

265(16.2)

<0.001

1013(61.8)

627(38.2)

<0.001

  Yes

4(12.1)

10(30.3)

19(57.6)

 

5(15.2)

28(84.8)

 

Cerebrovascular disease

       

  No

924(57.1)

429(26.5)

265(16.4)

<0.001

1005(62.1)

613(37.9)

<0.001

  Yes

12(21.8)

24(43.6)

19(34.6)

 

13(23.6)

42(76.4)

 

Chronic bronchitis

       

  No

909(56.8)

433(27.0)

259(16.2)

<0.001

988(61.7)

613(38.3)

<0.001

  Yes

27(37.5)

20(27.8)

25(34.7)

 

30(41.7)

42(58.3)

 

Rheumatoid arthritis

       

  No

906(57.3)

428(27.0)

248(15.7)

<0.001

982(62.1)

600(37.9)

<0.001

  Yes

30(33.0)

25(27.5)

36(39.5)

 

36(39.6)

55(60.4)

 

Osteoarthritis

       

  No

909(56.9)

427(26.7)

261(16.3)

<0.001

989(61.9)

608(38.1)

<0.001

  Yes

27(35.5)

26(34.2)

23(30.3)

 

29(38.2)

47(61.8)

 

Diabetes

       

  No

929(57.4)

438(27.0)

252(15.6)

<0.001

1007(62.2)

612(37.8)

<0.001

  Yes

7(12.9)

15(27.8)

32(59.3)

 

11(20.4)

43(79.6)

 
  1. WC, waist circumference.
  2. WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.
  3. aCochran–Mantel–Haenszel test was used.
  4. bChi-square test was used.
  5. cOffice worker: individuals who engaged in one of the following occupations—government employees, professional or technician, students in school, and personnel. Manual worker: individuals who engaged in one of the following occupations—agricultural or fisheries workers, blue-collar worker, or personal services.
  6. dNon-smoker: individuals who had never smoked or had stopped smoking. Smoker: individuals who smoked at least 1 cigarette per day.
  7. eNon-drinker: individuals who did not drink alcohol. Drinker: individuals who drank at least 1 time per month.