|
N (%)
|
WC categories (cm)a
|
WHR categoriesb
|
|---|
|
Normal WC (<80)
|
Mild abdominal obesity (80–90)
|
Severe abdominal obesity (≥90)
|
P-value
|
Normal WHR (<0.85)
|
Abdominal obesity (≥0.85)
|
P-value
|
|---|
|
Total
|
936(55.9)
|
453(27.1)
|
284(17.0)
| |
1018(60.9)
|
655(39.2)
| |
|
City
| | | | | | | |
|
Shanghai
|
189(53.8)
|
111(31.6)
|
51(14.5)
|
<0.001
|
218(62.1)
|
133(37.9)
|
<0.001
|
|
Beijing
|
151(45.5)
|
96(28.9)
|
85(25.6)
| |
160(48.2)
|
172(51.8)
| |
|
Wuhan
|
193(57.6)
|
85(25.4)
|
57(17.0)
| |
207(61.8)
|
128(38.2)
| |
|
Xian
|
179(53.4)
|
90(26.9)
|
66(19.7)
| |
210(62.7)
|
125(37.3)
| |
|
Guangzhou
|
224(70.0)
|
71(22.2)
|
25(7.8)
| |
223(69.7)
|
97(30.3)
| |
|
Region
| | | | | | | |
|
Urban
|
479(58.8)
|
230(28.2)
|
106(13.0)
|
<0.001
|
546(67.0)
|
269(33.0)
|
<0.001
|
|
Rural
|
457(53.3)
|
223(26.0)
|
178(20.7)
| |
472(55.0)
|
386(45.0)
| |
|
Age (years)
| | | | | | | |
|
18–29
|
322(84.5)
|
49(12.9)
|
10(2.6)
|
<0.001
|
307(80.6)
|
74(19.4)
|
<0.001
|
|
30–39
|
260(71.4)
|
81(22.3)
|
23(6.3)
| |
277(76.1)
|
87(23.9)
| |
|
40–49
|
204(49.9)
|
132(32.3)
|
73(17.8)
| |
263(64.3)
|
146(35.7)
| |
|
50–59
|
90(34.9)
|
95(36.8)
|
73(28.3)
| |
106(41.1)
|
152(58.9)
| |
|
60–80
|
60(23.0)
|
96(36.8)
|
105(40.2)
| |
65(24.9)
|
196(75.1)
| |
|
Marital status
| | | | | | | |
|
Married
|
687(52.3)
|
382(29.1)
|
244(18.6)
|
<0.001
|
777(59.2)
|
536(40.80)
|
<0.001
|
|
Unmarried
|
213(87.0)
|
28(11.4)
|
4(1.6)
| |
202(82.4)
|
43(17.6)
| |
|
Separated/divorced/widowed
|
36(31.3)
|
43(37.4)
|
36(31.3)
| |
39(33.9)
|
76(66.1)
| |
|
Education
| | | | | | | |
|
Primary school/uneducated
|
136(35.5)
|
125(32.6)
|
122(31.9)
|
<0.001
|
135(35.3)
|
248(64.7)
|
<0.001
|
|
Secondary/high school
|
578(58.0)
|
269(27.0)
|
149(15.0)
| |
651(65.4)
|
345(34.6)
| |
|
College graduate
|
222(75.5)
|
59(20.1)
|
13(4.4)
| |
232(78.9)
|
62(21.1)
| |
|
Occupationc
| | | | | | | |
|
Office worker
|
299(70.4)
|
89(20.9)
|
37(8.7)
|
<0.001
|
318(74.8)
|
107(25.2)
|
<0.001
|
|
Manual worker
|
635(51.0)
|
364(29.2)
|
247(19.8)
| |
700(56.2)
|
546(43.8)
| |
|
Family income/month (Yuan)
| | | | | | | |
|
~1999
|
439(49.6)
|
251(28.3)
|
196(22.1)
|
<0.001
|
463(52.3)
|
423(47.7)
|
<0.001
|
|
2000~
|
406(62.3)
|
171(26.2)
|
75(11.5)
| |
459(70.4)
|
193(29.6)
| |
|
5000~
|
87(66.9)
|
30(23.1)
|
13(10.0)
| |
91(70.0)
|
39(30.0)
| |
|
Smokingd
| | | | | | | |
|
Non-smokers
|
918(56.2)
|
443(27.1)
|
272(16.7)
|
0.044
|
999(61.2)
|
634(38.8)
|
0.080
|
|
Smokers
|
18(45.0)
|
10(25.0)
|
12(30.0)
| |
19(47.5)
|
21(52.5)
| |
|
Drinkinge
| | | | | | | |
|
Non-drinkers
|
907(56.0)
|
436(27.0)
|
275(17.0)
|
0.796
|
982(60.7)
|
636(39.3)
|
0.477
|
|
Drinkers
|
29(52.7)
|
17(30.9)
|
9(16.4)
| |
36(65.5)
|
19(34.5)
| |
|
Physical activity
| | | | | | | |
|
Never
|
175(58.3)
|
80(26.7)
|
45(15.0)
|
<0.001
|
178(59.3)
|
122(40.7)
|
<0.001
|
|
<4 times/month
|
99(68.8)
|
28(19.4)
|
17(11.8)
| |
106(73.6)
|
38(26.4)
| |
|
≥1 time/week
|
155(64.3)
|
56(23.2)
|
30(12.5)
| |
168(69.7)
|
73(30.3)
| |
|
≥1 time/day
|
505(51.3)
|
288(29.2)
|
192(19.5)
| |
565(57.4)
|
420(42.6)
| |
|
Hypertension
| | | | | | | |
|
No
|
898(61.2)
|
383(26.1)
|
187(12.7)
|
<0.001
|
965(65.7)
|
503(34.3)
|
<0.001
|
|
Yes
|
38(18.5)
|
70(34.2)
|
97(47.3)
| |
53(25.8)
|
152(74.2)
| |
|
Angina pectoris
| | | | | | | |
|
No
|
932(56.8)
|
443(27.0)
|
265(16.2)
|
<0.001
|
1013(61.8)
|
627(38.2)
|
<0.001
|
|
Yes
|
4(12.1)
|
10(30.3)
|
19(57.6)
| |
5(15.2)
|
28(84.8)
| |
|
Cerebrovascular disease
| | | | | | | |
|
No
|
924(57.1)
|
429(26.5)
|
265(16.4)
|
<0.001
|
1005(62.1)
|
613(37.9)
|
<0.001
|
|
Yes
|
12(21.8)
|
24(43.6)
|
19(34.6)
| |
13(23.6)
|
42(76.4)
| |
|
Chronic bronchitis
| | | | | | | |
|
No
|
909(56.8)
|
433(27.0)
|
259(16.2)
|
<0.001
|
988(61.7)
|
613(38.3)
|
<0.001
|
|
Yes
|
27(37.5)
|
20(27.8)
|
25(34.7)
| |
30(41.7)
|
42(58.3)
| |
|
Rheumatoid arthritis
| | | | | | | |
|
No
|
906(57.3)
|
428(27.0)
|
248(15.7)
|
<0.001
|
982(62.1)
|
600(37.9)
|
<0.001
|
|
Yes
|
30(33.0)
|
25(27.5)
|
36(39.5)
| |
36(39.6)
|
55(60.4)
| |
|
Osteoarthritis
| | | | | | | |
|
No
|
909(56.9)
|
427(26.7)
|
261(16.3)
|
<0.001
|
989(61.9)
|
608(38.1)
|
<0.001
|
|
Yes
|
27(35.5)
|
26(34.2)
|
23(30.3)
| |
29(38.2)
|
47(61.8)
| |
|
Diabetes
| | | | | | | |
|
No
|
929(57.4)
|
438(27.0)
|
252(15.6)
|
<0.001
|
1007(62.2)
|
612(37.8)
|
<0.001
|
|
Yes
|
7(12.9)
|
15(27.8)
|
32(59.3)
| |
11(20.4)
|
43(79.6)
| |
- WC, waist circumference.
- WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.
- aCochran–Mantel–Haenszel test was used.
- bChi-square test was used.
- cOffice worker: individuals who engaged in one of the following occupations—government employees, professional or technician, students in school, and personnel. Manual worker: individuals who engaged in one of the following occupations—agricultural or fisheries workers, blue-collar worker, or personal services.
- dNon-smoker: individuals who had never smoked or had stopped smoking. Smoker: individuals who smoked at least 1 cigarette per day.
- eNon-drinker: individuals who did not drink alcohol. Drinker: individuals who drank at least 1 time per month.
