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Table 1 Sociodemographic, clinical, functional and psychological characteristics of asthmatic patients with and without ED visits or hospitalizations in the first and the second year of follow-up

From: Utility of brief questionnaires of health-related quality of life (Airways Questionnaire 20 and Clinical COPD Questionnaire) to predict exacerbations in patients with asthma and COPD

 

1st year

2nd year

ED visits

Hospitalizations

ED visits

Hospitalizations

0

≥1

0

≥1

0

≥1

0

≥1

n = 94

n = 14

n = 100

n = 8

n = 101

n = 7

n = 105

n = 3

Sociodemographic variables

        

Age, year

51.5 ± 18.3

50.4 ± 17.1

51.0 ± 18.4

56.5 ± 12.2

51.5 ± 18.4

49.1 ± 13.2

51.5 ± 17.9

46.3 ± 26.1

Female, n (%)

48 (51)

12 (86)*

54 (54)

6 (75)

54 (53)

6 (86)

58 (55)

2 (67)

Age at diagnosis, year

30.7 ± 21.7

28.1 ± 22.1

29.8 ± 21.8

37.0 ± 20.7

30.7 ± 22.0

24.8 ± 16.2

30.4 ± 21.6

26.6 ± 30.9

Disease duration, year

17.0 ± 15.6

22.5 ± 19.3

17.8 ± 16.2

16.7 ± 16.1

17.2 ± 16.1

24.3 ± 16.3

17.6 ± 16.4

20.0 ± 5.3

Active smoking, n (%)

8 (8.5)

2 (14)

10 (10)

0 (0)

9 (10)

1 (11)

10 (9)

0 (0)

Mean pack-year

12.3 ± 6.8

9 ± 7.4

11.9 ± 6.8

11.0 ± 12.7

11.8 ± 6.9

12.3 ± 9.3

12.0 ± 6.9

5.0 ± 0.1

Education level, n (%)

        

Illiterate/Primary School

48 (51)

9 (64)

51 (51)

6 (75)

53 (52)

4 (57)

56 (53)

1 (33)

Secondary School/University

46 (49)

5 (36)

49 (49)

2 (25)

48 (48)

3 (43)

49 (47)

2 (67)

Socioeconomic level, n (%)

        

Low/Medium-low

31 (33)

2 (14)

30 (30)

3 (37.5)

31 (31)

2 (29)

33 (31)

0 (0)

Medium-medium/Medium-high/High

63 (67)

12 (86)

70 (70)

5 (62.5)

70 (69)

5 (71)

72 (69)

3 (100)

Employment status, n (%)

        

Working

30 (32)

3 (21)

32 (32)

1 (13)

31(31)

2 (29)

32 (30)

1 (33)

Retired/Disability

64 (68)

11 (79)

68 (68)

7 (87)

70 (69)

5 (71)

73 (70)

2 (67)

Place of residence, n (%)

        

Rural

27 (29)

3 (21)

28 (28)

2 (25)

29 (29)

1 (14)

30 (28.5)

0 (0)

Urban

67 (71)

11 (79)

72 (72)

6 (75)

72 (71)

6 (86)

75 (71)

3 (100)

Marital status (%)

        

Single/separated/divorced/widowed

31 (33)

4 (28)

34 (34)

1 (12.5)

33 (33)

2 (28)

34 (32)

1 (33)

Married/unmarried partner

63 (67)

10 (72)

66 (66)

7 (87.5)

68 (67)

5 (72)

71 (68)

2 (66)

Clinical-functional variables

        

BMI, kg/m2 MRC dyspnea scale, n (%)

28.0 ± 4.8

27.9 ± 5.3

27.7 ± 4.8

31.2 ± 3.4*

27.9 ± 4.6

29.0 ± 7.7

28.0 ± 4.9

26.44 ± 2.6

Grade 0-1-2

82 (90)

9 (75)

86 (89)

5 (83)

86 (88)

5 (100)

88 (88)

3 (100)

Grade 3-4

9 (10)

3 (25)

11 (11)

1 (17)

12 (12)

0 (0)

12 (12)

0 (0)

Spirometry

        

FVC post (%)

104.8 ± 17.8

106.1 ± 13.4

105.0 ± 17.1

105.8 ± 21.1

92.9 + 0 .2

89.5 ± 21.2

92.0 ± 21.5

93.4 ± 25.8

FEV1 post (%)

95.6 ± 21.7

101.6 ± 15.5

96.1 ± 21.0

100.5 ± 22.0

97.0 + 21.1

87.0 + 19.0

96.5 + 21.1

82.3 + 21.0

GINA classification

        

GINA I-II

21 (22)

2 (14)

23 (23)

0 (0)*

22 ( 22)

1 (14)

23 (22)

0 (0)

GINA III-IV

73 (78)

12 (86)

77 (77)

8 (100)

79 ( 78)

6 (86)

82 (78)

3 (100)

Previous year exacerbations

        

Hospitalizations

0.2 ± 0.4

0.3 ± 0.6

0.2 ± 0.4

0.7 ± 0.5Ŧ

0.2 ± 0.4

0.4 ± 0.5

0.2 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.6

ED visits

1.0 ± 1.4

1.8 ± 1.9

1.0 ± 1.4

2.4 ± 1.5

1.1 ± 1.5

1.2 ± 1.7

1.1 ± 1.4

3.0 ± 2.0*

Psychological variables

        

HADS anxiety

5.5 + 4.3

8.8 ± 3.3

5.8 ± 4.3

3.5 ± 3.2**

3.3 ± 3.2

5.9 ± 5.9

3.8 ± 3.9

4.1 ± 5.3

HADS depression

3.4 ± 3.3

5.7 ± 3.3

7.9 ± 3.4

6.5 ± 4.3*

3.6 ± 3.5

5.5 ± 4.7

3.9 ± 3.7

4.5 ± 4.8*

  1. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (X ± SD), unless otherwise indicated.
  2. BMI body mass index, MRC scale Medical Research Council dyspnea scale, FVC post forced vital capacity post-bronchodilatation, FEV 1 post forced expiratory volumen in 1-s post-bronchodilatation, GINA Global Initiative for Asthma.
  3. P values: comparisons between groups were tested using the Pearson´s X2 or Fisher´s Exact test (categorical variables) or ANOVA (normally distributed continuous variables) and Mann–Whitney U test (non- normally distributed variables or non-parametric data).
  4. ** p < .1 *p < .05; †p < .01; Ŧp < .001.