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Table 8 Results of hierarchical regression analyses predicting sleep quality from the two subscales of the SHI

From: Psychometric evaluation of the sleep hygiene index: a sample of patients with chronic pain

Step

Predictor

β(Final)

ΔR 2

Total R 2

1.

Age

-.01

  
 

Sex

.06

  
 

Education

−1.15

  
 

Pain duration

.00

.07*

 

2.

Pain intensity

.14

  
 

Depression

.83***

  
 

Pain-related anxiety

.07

.55***

 

3.

Sleep disturbing B/E

.17

  
 

Irregular sleep-wake schedule

-.67*

.02*

.63***

  1. Note: *p < .05, ***p < .001. SHI: Sleep Hygiene Index; B/E: behavior and environment. Sex, education, and pain duration were not normally distributed. Thus, normality was further checked through histograms of the standardized residuals [32], and Q-plots and P-plots [33]. These tests supported the assumption of normality.