Table 1 Characteristics of study participants (n = 488)
Duration of T2DM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | ≤5 years (n = 265) | >5 years (n = 223) | P-value | |
Age (years, mean ± SD) | 65.34 ± 11.03 | 64.02 ± 11.63 | 66.90 ± 10.08 | 0.004 |
≤54 (%) | 17.0% | 20.80% | 12.60% | <0.001 |
55–64 (%) | 31.8% | 36.2% | 26.5% | |
≥65 (%) | 51.2% | 43.0% | 61.0% | |
Gender | 0.221 | |||
Male (%) | 37.9% | 40.4% | 35.0% | |
Female (%) | 62.1% | 59.6% | 65.0% | |
Educational Level | 0.698 | |||
No Formal Education (%) | 40.6% | 40.0% | 41.3% | |
Primary School (%) | 33.4% | 32.5% | 34.5% | |
Secondary or above (%) | 26.0% | 27.5% | 24.2% | |
Marital Status | 0.768 | |||
Married (%) | 72.7% | 72.3% | 73.5% | |
Non-Married* (%) | 27.3% | 27.7% | 26.5% | |
Occupation | 0.157 | |||
Professionals & Associate Professionals (%) | 3.1% | 7.9% | 13.5% | |
Skilled Workers (%) | 23.0% | 24.5% | 21.1% | |
Semi-skilled Workers (%) | 29.3% | 28.7% | 30.0% | |
Unskilled Workers (%) | 21.1% | 23.8% | 17.9% | |
Others (%) | 16.2% | 15.1% | 17.5% | |
Monthly Income (HKD) | 0.627 | |||
<$20,000 (%) | 70.7% | 88.3% | 89.7% | |
≥$20,000 (%) | 11.1% | 11.7% | 10.3% | |
HbA1C (%, mean ± SD) | 7.38 ± 1.27 | 7.20 ± 1.21 | 7.59 ± 1.30 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD) | 25.79 ± 4.00 | 26.15 ± 4.15 | 25.36 ± 3.77 | 0.030 |
Drug Treatment | ||||
No Oral Hypoglycaemic Drugs (%) | 23.0% | 26.8% | 18.4% | 0.028 |
Oral Hypoglycaemic Drugs (%) | 77.0% | 73.2% | 81.6% | |
No Insulin Injections (%) | 97.7% | 99.6% | 95.5% | 0.002 |
Insulin Injections (%) | 2.3% | 0.4% | 4.5% | |
Any Diabetic Complications | 0.430 | |||
Absent (%) | 90.0% | 90.9% | 88.8% | |
Present (%) | 10.0% | 9.1% | 11.2% | |
Retinopathy | 3.1% | 2.3% | 4.0% | 0.259 |
Neuropathy | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.862 |
Nephropathy | 2.0% | 0.8% | 3.6% | 0.028 |
Cardiovascular Disease | 4.5% | 5.3% | 3.6% | 0.369 |
Others | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.4% | NA |
Presence of Hypertension | 0.083 | |||
Absent (%) | 11.9% | 24.9% | 18.4% | |
Present (%) | 78.1% | 75.1% | 81.6% | |
SF-12 Health Survey | ||||
PCS-12 (mean ± SD) | 42.45 ± 9.78 | 42.96 ± 9.60 | 41.84 ± 9.97 | 0.210 |
MCS-12 (mean ± SD) | 51.64 ± 6.37 | 51.70 ± 6.29 | 51.57 ± 6.48 | 0.822 |