The Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ): development and evaluation of an instrument to assess diabetes self-care activities associated with glycaemic control

Table 2 Characteristics of the study sample

	Total	Type 1 DM	Type 2 DM	P-value^a
	N= 261	n= 150 (57.5%)	n= 111 (42.5%)
Female gender	110 (42.1%)	68 (45.3%)	42 (37.8%)	0.225
Age (years)	52.0 ± 14.9	45.8 ± 14.8	60.4 ± 10.2	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	29.7 ± 6.9	26.3 ± 4.7	34.4 ± 6.6	<0.001
Diabetes duration (years)	17.5 ± 10.4	19.0 ± 11.2	15.3 ± 8.8	0.003
Insulin therapy^b	241 (92.3%)	150 (100%)	91 (82%)	<0.001
Exclusively insulin	186 (71.3%)	147 (98%)	39 (35.1%)	<0.001
Combined with medication^c	55 (21.1%)	3 (2%)	52 (46.8%)	<0.001
Non-insulin medical therapy^c	20 (7.7%)	0 (0%)	20 (18%)	<0.001
With late complication(s)^d	132 (50.6%)	56 (37.3%)	76 (68.5%)	<0.001
Number per concerned person^d	1.8 ± 1.1	1.4 ± 0.9	2.1 ± 1.1	<0.001
HbA_1c value (%)	8.6 ± 1.5	8.4 ± 1.4	8.8 ± 1.7	0.070
DSMQ ‘Sum Scale’	6.8 ± 1.7	6.9 ± 1.7	6.6 ± 1.6	0.121
Subscale ‘Glucose Management’	7.5 ± 2.3	7.5 ± 2.3	7.5 ± 2.3	0.959
Subscale ‘Dietary Control’	5.4 ± 2.4	5.2 ± 2.4	5.7 ± 2.4	0.146
Subscale ‘Physical Activity’	5.8 ± 2.7	6.5 ± 2.6	4.8 ± 2.6	<0.001
Subscale ‘Health-Care Use’	8.3 ± 1.9	8.5 ± 1.9	8.1 ± 2.0	0.085

Data are n (%) or M ± SD.
BMI, Body Mass Index; HbA_1c, glycated haemoglobin; DSMQ, Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire; M, mean; SD, standard deviation.
^a regards differences between diabetes types; Student’s t-Test or Chi²-Test (two-tailed test).
^b any type of diabetes therapy which includes the use of insulin.
^c oral antidiabetic agents and/or incretin mimetics.
^d retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, diabetic foot, and/or arterial occlusive disease.

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