Table 1 Studies on the economic burden associated with incontinence
Citation; CEBM Evidence grade [9] | Study design/methodology | Cost data source | Country | Populations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Frantz et al. 2003 [39]; 2 | Secondary data analysis | Medical records | US | Residents of long-term care facility |
• N = 63 | ||||
• Mean age 87 ± 7 yr | ||||
• 77% were female | ||||
• 54% were incontinent | ||||
Green et al. 2003 [34]; 3 | Retrospective analysis | Registry | Australia | 6773 episodes of care provided to 6455 rehabilitation and geriatric evaluation and management patients |
New Zealand | ||||
Irwin et al. 2008 [36]; 3 | Economic cost of illness model; included costs for 2002 ICS-defined OAB and urgency UI-related comorbidities and nursing home costs | Economic model | Canada | EPIC survey population with OAB or urgent UI |
Germany | ||||
Italy | • Aged 18+ yr | |||
Spain | ||||
Sweden | ||||
UK | ||||
Morris et al. 2005 [33]; 3 | Prospective burden of illness study | Prospective chart data | Australia | Incontinent patients |
• Mean age 85 (range 74–91) yr | ||||
Papanicolaou et al. 2005 [35]; 3 | Prospective urinary incontinence research (PURE) is a non-interventional, longitudinal, prospective, observational, multicentre, multinational study to determine the direct cost for patients with UI | Prospective survey data | Germany | Patients with UI |
Spain | • Germany: n = 2696, mean age 65.1 ± 13.4 yr | |||
UK/Ireland | ||||
• Spain: n = 2127, mean age 57.9 ± 12.7 yr | ||||
• UK/Ireland: n = 1070, mean age 60.1 ± 14.3 yr | ||||
Prasopsanti et al. 2007 [41]; 3 | Economic model using diagnostic and treatment algorithms from clinical practice guidelines and current disease prevalence data | Economic model | Thailand | Patients with UI (prevalence estimates used in model derived from elsewhere) |
Shih et al. 2003 [40]; 3 | Prospective study | Prospective survey data | US | Patients with UI in long-term care facilities |
Subak et al. 2006 [42]; 3 | Cross-sectional study | Prospective survey data | US | Women with UI |
• N = 293 | ||||
• Mean age 56 ±11 yr | ||||
Tediosi et al. 2000 [37]; 3 | Cross-sectional study/home interview with costs quantified for stress UI and other types of UI separately | Interview data and retrospective database (Italian National Health Service tariffs) | Italy | Women with UI |
• N = 229 | ||||
Age >40 yr | ||||
Thom et al. 2005 [38]; 3 | Database study | Retrospective database | US | Women with UI |
• N = N/A (combination of large public and private population data sources, including CMS, MEPS, NHANES, NCHS, VA, NACHRI, and MarketScan) | ||||
• Age >60 yr | ||||
Wefer et al. 2010 [15]; 2 | Multicentre, cross-sectional, retrospective cohort study | Retrospective chart review | Germany | Neurological disorders: |
SCI, 80.8% | ||||
MS, 5.2% | ||||
Spina bifida, 14.0% | ||||
• N = 214 | ||||
• Mean age 38 (14.8) yr |