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Table 2 Body mass and HRQoL scores over the course of the study, M (SD)

From: Changes in self-reported and parent-reported health-related quality of life in overweight children and adolescents participating in an outpatient training: findings from a 12-month follow-up study

 

Start of training (pre)

End of training (post)

Follow-up 6 months (follow-up 1)

Follow-up 12 months (follow-up 2)

Partial η 2 for univariate time effect

BMI

23.67 (1.48)

23.01 (1.58)

23.49 (1.84)

23.94 (2.09)

0.141

zBMI

1.64 (0.18)

1.38 (0.29)***

1.41 (0.36)***

1.41 (0.43)***

0.251

Parent proxy-report

total HRQoL

raw

73.18 (10.51)

75.67 (9.46)

74.14 (10.91)

76.53 (8.40)**

0.053

z-score

−0.44 (1.11)c

−0.10 (1.02)*

−0.17 (1.12)

0.11 (0.85)***

0.096

physical

raw

74.79 (16.01)

76.78 (15.15)

75.86 (18.06)

77.32 (16.67)

0.011

z-score

−0.20 (0.99)

0.01 (0.96)

0.01 (1.15)

0.15 (1.00)**

0.031

emotional

raw

76.39 (13.65)

79.14 (11.50)

77.82 (14.47)

79.24 (15.10)*

0.028

z-score

−0.38 (1.10)b

−0.11 (0.91)*

−0.18 (1.13)

−0.05 (1.14)**

0.048

self-esteem

raw

64.70 (12.83)

70.02 (12.84)B**

66.51 (15.36)

69.81 (12.50)**

0.062

z-score

−0.37 (0.95)c

0.07 (0.99)B***

−0.15 (1.14)

0.12 (0.89)B***

0.081

friends

raw

72.54 (13.01)

73.02 (14.18)

72.90 (17.87)

76.99 (13.24)**

0.047

z-score

−0.39 (0.98)c

−0.34 (1.06)

−0.33 (1.32)

−0.03 (0.99)B**

0.052

family

raw

75.27 (14.83)

77.21 (13.06)

77.32 (14.85)

77.32 (13.64)

0.011

z-score

−0.22 (1.10)

−0.03 (0.91)

0.01 (1.02)

0.03 (0.93)*

0.028

school

raw

75.22 (15.92)

77.90 (13.10)

74.70 (16.01)

78.08 (12.77)*

0.031

z-score

−0.29 (1.10)a

0.00 (0.95)*

−0.11 (1.06)*

0.21 (0.86)B***

0.098

weight-specific

71.34 (14.99)

78.74 (13.79)B***

78.57 (14.10)B***

79.78 (11.44)B***

0.136

weight complaints

1.91 (0.90)

1.51 (0.63)B***

1.58 (0.65)B***

1.49 (0.65)B***

0.125

Child self-report

total HRQoL

raw

75.51 (11.37)

77.78 (10.25)

76.78 (11.90)

78.80 (9.95)**

0.036

z-score

0.00 (1.27)

0.30 (1.11)*

0.24 (1.28)

0.51 (0.99)***

0.067

physical

raw

73.89 (15.90)

76.50 (15.24)*

75.73 (17.01)

76.88 (16.08)

0.020

z-score

0.04 (1.09)

0.24 (0.97)*

0.21 (1.11)

0.35 (1.00)*

0.030

emotional

raw

82.60 (14.60)

82.14 (12.13)

82.62 (15.14)

85.45 (11.79)

0.005

z-score

−0.03 (1.34)

−0.04 (1.07)

−0.01 (1.41)

0.28 (0.96)

0.007

self-esteem

raw

65.41 (16.97)

67.82 (15.11)

68.49 (20.17)

72.69 (15.54)**

0.043

z-score

0.20 (0.96)

0.45 (0.91)

0.58 (1.13)*

0.83 (0.89)B***

0.093

friends

raw

75.94 (15.07)

79.60 (12.79)

77.77 (16.68)

80.17 (14.05)

0.016

z-score

−0.24 (1.12)a

0.06 (0.93)

−0.10 (1.24)

0.11 (1.02)

0.021

family

raw

81.85 (16.30)

85.26 (14.29)

82.53 (16.03)

82.98 (15.56)

0.014

z-score

−0.16 (1.23)

0.10 (1.05)

−0.08 (1.15)

0.01 (0.98)

0.014

school

raw

74.29 (19.11)

76.13 (17.64)

72.43 (18.84)

74.20 (15.93)§

0.020

z-score

0.18 (1.39)

0.36 (1.17)

0.12 (1.20)

0.30 (0.92)§

0.027

weight-specific (n = 25)

75.36 (13.77)

83.59 (13.61)B**

82.69 (14.51)B**

82.30 (14.17)**

0.187

weight complaints (n = 25)

2.11 (0.91)

1.66 (0.83)B**

1.69 (0.85)B**

1.61 (0.78)**

0.194

  1. a: p ≤ .05, b: p ≤ .01, c: p ≤ .001 compared to norm population.
  2. * p ≤ .05, ** p ≤ .01, *** p ≤ .001 for simple contrast against pre score (unadjusted);
  3. B: p ≤ .05 after Bonferroni correction for multiple tests; B ≤ .0021 for proxy-reported original scores, B ≤ .0028 for proxy-reported z-scores and self-reported original scores, B ≤ .0083 for self-reported weight-specific scores.
  4. § significant time-gender interaction.
  5. BMI z-scores (zBMI) are based on Cole’s LMS method.
  6. All HRQoL original scores range from 0 to 100, except for weight complaints that vary from 1 (never/not at all) to 5 (always/strong); z-scores are the deviance from the age- and gender-specific population mean in terms of SD units.
  7. Effect size η2 is classified as 0.01 = small, 0.06 = medium, 0.14 = large effect.
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Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

ISSN: 1477-7525

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