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Table 5 Multivariate mixed effects analyses predicting quality of life and posttraumatic stress symptoms two years post-tsunami (N = 574)

From: World assumptions, posttraumatic stress and quality of life after a natural disaster: A longitudinal study

 

Model A

 

Model B

 
 

Quality of life

Posttraumatic stress

Quality of life

Posttraumatic stress

Fixed effects

    

 Intercept

−0.29 (−0.61, 0.22)

0.15 (−0.16, 0.46)

−0.24 (−0.54, 0.06)

0.01 (−0.28, 0.31)

 Gender

    

  Male

−0.25 (−0.40, -0.11)***

−0.20 (−0.35, -0.06)**

−0.36 (−0.50, -0.22)***

−0.22 (−0.35, -0.08)**

  Femalea

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 Age

0.01 (0.00, 0.01)*

0.00 (−0.00, 0.01)

0.01 (0.00, 0.01)**

0.01 (−0.00, 0.01)

  Exposure

    

  Not exposed

0.27 (0.05, 0.50)*

−0.94 (−1.16, -0.72)***

−0.06 (−0.29, 0.17)

−0.80 (−1.01, -0.59)***

  Exposed, but no danger

0.16 (−0.02, 0.33)

−0.41 (−0.58, -0.24)***

0.02 (−0.15, 0.19)

−0.32 (−0.48, -0.16)***

  In dangera

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

  Invulnerability

0.03 (−0.05, 0.12)

−0.08 (−0.17, 0.00)

−0.02 (−0.10, 0.06)

−0.04 (−0.12, 0.03)

  Just world

0.18 (0.08, 0.29)***

−0.17 (−0.27, -0.06)**

0.11 (0.01, 0.22)*

−0.13 (−0.23, -0.03)*

  Predictable world

−0.03 (−0.13, 0.06)

0.11 (0.01, 0.20)*

−0.03 (−0.12, 0.07)

0.09 (−0.00, 0.18)

  Controllable world

−0.03 (−0.15, 0.09)

−0.09 (−0.21, 0.02)

−0.04 (−0.15, 0.07)

−0.08 (−0.19, 0.03)

  Good and benevolent world

0.11 (0.00, 0.22)*

−0.11 (−0.22, -0.01)*

0.07 (−0.03, 0.18)

−0.10 (−0.20, 0.01)

  Meaningful life

0.15 (0.05, 0.25)**

−0.08 (−0.18, 0.02)

0.14 (0.05, 0.24)**

−0.01 (−0.11, 0.09)

  Valuable person

0.23 (0.11, 0.36)***

−0.01 (−0.13, 0.11)

0.20 (0.09, 0.32)***

0.08 (−0.04, 0.19)

  Quality of life at T1

   

−0.35 (−0.42, -0.27)***

  Posttraumatic stress at T1

  

−0.34 (−0.42, -0.25)***

 

Explained variance

    

 Between households

32.5%

52.7%

44.8%

53.4%

 Within households

7.0%

−5.0%

12.3%

11.4%

 Total explained variance

17.2%

21.7%

25.3%

30.8%

Model fit

    

 AIC

1,549.66

1,529.64

1,497.33

1,461.54

  1. Note: The multilevel regression analysis was controlled for the effect of mutual address. Figures are regression coefficients (confidence intervals in parenthesis). Quality of life and posttraumatic stress symptoms were standardized (Z-values). All predictors were measured six months post-tsunami. Model A includes all control variables (age, gender, exposure) and world assumptions. Model B also includes quality of life or posttraumatic stress symptoms at six months. The explained variance is the percentage reduction in unexplained variance as compared to a model without any independent variables. The AIC for such an empty model was 1,614.32 and 1,616.05 for quality of life and posttraumatic stress symptoms, respectively.
  2. AIC = Akaike’s information criterion.
  3. a Females and those respondents exposed to danger were set to have a mean of 0 in the mixed effect models.
  4. * p ≤ .05; ** p ≤ .01; *** p ≤ .001.