Table 1 Properties of the most frequently used outcome measures
Category | Outcome measure | Number of studies | Publication year | Region of development | Number of items | Number of levels per item | Dementia specific? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burden | Zarit Burden Interview | 76 (21.1%) | 1983 | USA | 22 | 5 | Yes |
Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist (RMBPC) | 44 (12.2%) | 1992 | USA | 24 | 6 | Yes | |
Relatives Stress Scale | 13 (3.6%) | 1982 | UK | 15 | 5 | Yes | |
Novak Caregiver Burden Inventory | 11 (3.0%) | 1989 | Canada | 24 | 4 | Yes | |
Screen for Caregiver burden | 11 (3.0%) | 1991 | USA | 25 | 5 | Yes | |
Perceived Stress Scale | 11 (3.0%) | 1983 | USA | 14 | 5 | No | |
(Revised) Caregiving Burden Scale | 6 (1.7%) | 1994 | Netherlands | 13 | 5 | Yes | |
Caregiver Stress Scale | 4 (1.1%) | 1990 | USA | 15 | 3-5 | Yes | |
Mastery | Sense of Competence Questionnaire | 12 (3.3%) | 1996 | Netherlands | 27 | 2-5 | Yes |
Brief Coping Orientation for Problems Experienced (COPE) | 6 (1.7%) | 1997 | USA | 28 | 4 | No | |
Ways of coping scale | 6 (1.7%) | 1985 | USA | 64 | 2 | No | |
Revised Scale for Caregiving Self Efficacy | 6 (1.7%) | 1999 | USA | 19 | Rated 0-100 | No | |
Mood | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) | 57 (15.8%) | 1977 | USA | 20 | 4 | No |
General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)1 | 31 (8.6%) | 1978 | UK | 28 | 4 | No | |
Neuropsychiatric Inventory- Carer Distress (NPI-D) | 30 (8.3%) | 1998 | USA | 12 | 6 | Yes | |
Geriatric Depression Scale | 19 (5.3%) | 1982 | USA | 30 | 2 | No | |
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 17 (4.7%) | 1961 | USA | 21 | 4 | No | |
Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) | 12 (3.3%) | 2000 | USA | 12 | 6 | Yes | |
Brief Symptom Inventory | 8 (2.2%) | 1983 | USA | 53 | 5 | No | |
Hamilton Depression Scale | 8 (2.2%) | 1960 | UK | 17 | 3-5 | No | |
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 8 (2.2%) | 1989 | USA | 24 | 1-4 | No | |
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale | 7 (1.9%) | 1983 | UK | 14 | 4 | No | |
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory | 7 (1.9%) | 1970 | USA | 20 | 4 | No | |
Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) | 5 (1.4%) | 1988 | USA | 20 | 5 | No | |
Hopkins Symptoms Checklist | 4 (1.1%) | 1974 | USA | 58 | 4 | No | |
Positive Aspects of Caregiving | 4 (1.1%) | 2004 | USA | 9 | 5 | Yes | |
Quality of life | Short Form-36 (SF-36) | 32 (8.8%) | 1988 | USA | 36 | 2-6 | No |
EuroQoL (EQ-5D) | 18 (5.0%) | 1990 | Europe | 5 | 3 | No | |
World Health Organization Quality of Life-Bref (WHOQOL-BREF) | 8 (2.2%) | 1996 | Global | 26 | 5 | No | |
Health Utilities Index Mark2 | 4 (1.1%) | 1990 | Canada | 8 | 5-6 | No | |
Social support and relationships | Social Support Questionnaire | 7 (1.8%) | 1983 | USA | 27 | 6 | No |
Stokes Social Support network List | 4 (1.1%) | 1983 | USA | N/A Matrix | N/A | No | |
Staff competency and morale | Maslach Burnout Inventory | 10 (2.6%) | 1981 | USA | 22 | 3-7 | No |
Approaches to Dementia questionnaire | 4 (1.1%) | 2000 | UK | 19 | 5 | Yes |