From: Do English and Chinese EQ-5D versions demonstrate measurement equivalence? an exploratory study
 | n (%) unless stated |  | |
---|---|---|---|
 | English (n = 66) | Chinese (n = 48) | p-value* |
Mean ± SD (median) age | 44.3 ± 17.2 (43.0) | 56.7 ± 12.4 (57.0) | <0.001 |
Female gender | 48 (72.7) | 45 (93.8) | 0.006 |
Chinese ethnicity | 45 (68.2) | 48 (100) | - |
Employed/full time student | 38 (57.5) | 13 (27.1) | 0.010 |
Six or less years of education | 8 (12.1) | 31 (64.6) | <0.001 |
Married | 40 (60.6) | 38 (79.2) | 0.597 |
Acute medical condition present†‡ | 50 (75.8) | 36 (75.0) | 0.926 |
Chronic medical condition present§ | 27 (40.9) | 28 (58.3) | 0.066 |
Mean ± SD (median) 10 cm pain VAS score‡ | 3.3 ± 2.7 (2.6) | 4.7 ± 2.2 (4.6) | 0.003 |
Tender points present | 42 (63.6) | 31 (64.6) | 0.883 |
Rheumatic disease | Â | Â | Â |
   Osteoarthritis | 9 (13.6) | 15 (31.3) | 0.006 |
   Rheumatoid Arthritis | 26 (39.4) | 23 (47.9) |  |
   Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 23 (34.8) | 8 (16.7) |  |
   Spondyloarthropathy | 8 (12.2) | 2 (4.1) |  |
Response to EQ-5D items | Â | Â | Â |
Mobility | Â | Â | Â |
   No problems | 50 (75.8) | 40 (83.3) | 0.327 |
   Some problems | 16 (24.2) | 8 (16.7) |  |
   Extreme problems | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |  |
Self-care | Â | Â | Â |
   No problems | 66 (100) | 46 (95.8) | 0.094 |
   Some problems | 0 (0) | 2 (4.2) |  |
   Extreme problems | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |  |
Usual activities | Â | Â | Â |
   No problems | 50 (75.8) | 43 (89.6) | 0.125 |
   Some problems | 15 (22.7) | 4 (8.3) |  |
   Extreme problems | 1 (1.5) | 1 (2.1) |  |
Pain/discomfort | Â | Â | Â |
   No pain/discomfort | 14 (21.2) | 11 (22.9) | 0.889 |
   Moderate pain/discomfort | 49 (74.2) | 34 (70.8) |  |
   Extreme pain/discomfort | 3 (4.5) | 3 (6.3) |  |
Anxiety/depression | Â | Â | Â |
   No anxiety/depression | 40 (60.6) | 30 (62.5) | 0.098 |
   Moderate anxiety/depression | 26 (39.4) | 15 (31.2) |  |
   Extreme anxiety/depression | 0 (0) | 3 (6.3) |  |