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Table 1 Characteristics of subjects completing the English or Chinese EQ-5D

From: Do English and Chinese EQ-5D versions demonstrate measurement equivalence? an exploratory study

 

n (%) unless stated

 
 

English (n = 66)

Chinese (n = 48)

p-value*

Mean ± SD (median) age

44.3 ± 17.2 (43.0)

56.7 ± 12.4 (57.0)

<0.001

Female gender

48 (72.7)

45 (93.8)

0.006

Chinese ethnicity

45 (68.2)

48 (100)

-

Employed/full time student

38 (57.5)

13 (27.1)

0.010

Six or less years of education

8 (12.1)

31 (64.6)

<0.001

Married

40 (60.6)

38 (79.2)

0.597

Acute medical condition present†‡

50 (75.8)

36 (75.0)

0.926

Chronic medical condition present§

27 (40.9)

28 (58.3)

0.066

Mean ± SD (median) 10 cm pain VAS score‡

3.3 ± 2.7 (2.6)

4.7 ± 2.2 (4.6)

0.003

Tender points present

42 (63.6)

31 (64.6)

0.883

Rheumatic disease

   

   Osteoarthritis

9 (13.6)

15 (31.3)

0.006

   Rheumatoid Arthritis

26 (39.4)

23 (47.9)

 

   Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

23 (34.8)

8 (16.7)

 

   Spondyloarthropathy

8 (12.2)

2 (4.1)

 

Response to EQ-5D items

   

Mobility

   

   No problems

50 (75.8)

40 (83.3)

0.327

   Some problems

16 (24.2)

8 (16.7)

 

   Extreme problems

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Self-care

   

   No problems

66 (100)

46 (95.8)

0.094

   Some problems

0 (0)

2 (4.2)

 

   Extreme problems

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Usual activities

   

   No problems

50 (75.8)

43 (89.6)

0.125

   Some problems

15 (22.7)

4 (8.3)

 

   Extreme problems

1 (1.5)

1 (2.1)

 

Pain/discomfort

   

   No pain/discomfort

14 (21.2)

11 (22.9)

0.889

   Moderate pain/discomfort

49 (74.2)

34 (70.8)

 

   Extreme pain/discomfort

3 (4.5)

3 (6.3)

 

Anxiety/depression

   

   No anxiety/depression

40 (60.6)

30 (62.5)

0.098

   Moderate anxiety/depression

26 (39.4)

15 (31.2)

 

   Extreme anxiety/depression

0 (0)

3 (6.3)

 
  1. *Chi-square or t-test † Acute medical conditions included upper respiratory tract infections, vomiting or diarrhoea, headache lasting more than 1 day, insomnia and injuries. ‡ The recall period for the pain VAS and acute medical conditions was the preceding 4 weeks. §Chronic medical conditions included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, cancer, joint replacement and limb fractures.