Skip to main content

Patient-reported physical activity questionnaires: A systematic review of content and format

Abstract

Background

Many patients with chronic illness are limited in their physical activities. This systematic review evaluates the content and format of patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires that measure physical activity in elderly and chronically ill populations.

Methods

Questionnaires were identified by a systematic literature search of electronic databases (Medline, Embase, PsychINFO & CINAHL), hand searches (reference sections and PROQOLID database) and expert input. A qualitative analysis was conducted to assess the content and format of the questionnaires and a Venn diagram was produced to illustrate this. Each stage of the review process was conducted by at least two independent reviewers.

Results

104 questionnaires fulfilled our criteria. From these, 182 physical activity domains and 1965 items were extracted. Initial qualitative analysis of the domains found 11 categories. Further synthesis of the domains found 4 broad categories: 'physical activity related to general activities and mobility', 'physical activity related to activities of daily living', 'physical activity related to work, social or leisure time activities', and '(disease-specific) symptoms related to physical activity'. The Venn diagram showed that no questionnaires covered all 4 categories and that the '(disease-specific) symptoms related to physical activity' category was often not combined with the other categories.

Conclusions

A large number of questionnaires with a broad range of physical activity content were identified. Although the content could be broadly organised, there was no consensus on the content and format of physical activity PRO questionnaires in elderly and chronically ill populations. Nevertheless, this systematic review will help investigators to select a physical activity PRO questionnaire that best serves their research question and context.

Background

Many patients with chronic diseases experience physical activity limitations or suffer symptoms during physical activities. This is concerning given the wealth of evidence demonstrating the importance of a physically active lifestyle in the prevention and management of many chronic diseases [1, 2]. Physical activity has been defined as 'any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle that increases energy expenditure above a basal level' [3]. It is useful as an outcome measurement as it enables researchers to effectively evaluate public health interventions to increase physical activity levels. It is also currently being explored as an endpoint for evaluating the efficacy of pharmaceutical interventions in clinical trials. This could help inform patients about treatment options that may improve their daily life.

When deciding to assess physical activity as an outcome measure, researchers face the challenge of selecting from a myriad of objective and subjective assessments. For subjective assessments, a large number of patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires are available to choose from. PRO questionnaires are self-report measures of a patient's health status or behaviour that comes directly from the patient without interpretation from anyone else. Such questionnaires have the potential to capture patient-relevant lifestyle physical activities and related limitations that may not be identified by more objective assessments. For this reason, it is important that the content of physical activity PRO questionnaires is relevant to the patient in order to make appropriate, patient centred treatment choices [4, 5]. In addition, the format of the questionnaire should be such that the questions and answer options can be easily interpreted and completed by the patient.

Although there have been several reviews of physical activity PRO questionnaires in recent years (e.g. [6]), the majority of these have focused on the development and validation processes. To our knowledge, no review to date has specifically focused in depth on content and format such as looking at themes and patterns across questionnaires.

This review is part of the European Union funded PROactive project [7] which aims to develop and validate a PRO tool to investigate dimensions of physical activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The initial aim of this review was therefore to identify existing physical activity PRO questionnaires which are appropriate for use in a COPD population. Although we were primarily interested in questionnaires developed for COPD patients, we were also interested in learning from questionnaires developed for elderly populations or patients with other chronic diseases that may result in physical activity limitations. The second aim was to systematically evaluate these questionnaires with the aim of establishing if there is a consensus on their optimal content and format (the development and psychometric properties are explored in a separate paper [8]). These results may help researchers to select the most appropriate physical activity PRO questionnaires available to date, and will identify research gaps.

Methods

A study protocol (unregistered) guided the entire review process. We followed standard systematic review methodology as outlined in the handbooks of the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination [9] and the Cochrane Collaboration. The reporting follows the PRISMA statement guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses [10].

Eligibility criteria

Population

As this systematic review is part of the PROactive project [7], we were interested in identifying physical activity PRO questionnaires that are appropriate for use in a COPD population. We therefore supplemented the electronic database search with explicit search terms for COPD patients. However, we were also interested in learning from the content and format of questionnaires developed for other disease populations which may experience similar physical activity limitations to COPD patients. We therefore expanded our search to include PRO questionnaires developed for patients with all chronic illnesses and elderly populations.

Style of questionnaire

We included fully structured questionnaires or scales with standardised questions and answer options which were patient (self) reported. Interviewer administered questionnaires were included only if the information was self-reported. Questionnaires that required a rating by an interviewer were excluded.

Assessment of physical activity

We included questionnaires containing at least one physical activity subscale/domain. We used this benchmark as the number of questionnaires containing only one or two physical activity items was too large to include in this review. The PROactive consortium agreed to use the following definition for physical activity by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [3]: 'any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle that increases energy expenditure above a basal level'. In addition to questionnaires measuring the frequency, intensity and total amount of physical activity, we also considered questionnaires assessing 'related constructs' such as symptoms (physical and mental) or limitations associated with physical activity. We only included questionnaires if the items were available from the publication or developers. We did not have any language or publication date restrictions.

Study design

We included cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that described the development or modifications of the original questionnaire and/or the initial validation of the original questionnaire. We excluded studies that were not designed to initially validate a questionnaire, for example, those that reported linguistic validation or used a questionnaire as an outcome measure in a clinical trial or observational study.

Information sources

Electronic database searches

We searched the electronic databases Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL on September 18th 2009.

Hand searches

In addition to the electronic database search, we did the following hand searches: we searched for original development studies of questionnaires from articles which were excluded for the reason 'validation only' or 'used as outcome measures'; we scanned the reference lists of the full texts; we searched for 'physical functioning' questionnaires in the Patient-Reported Outcome and Quality of Life Questionnaires Database (PROQOLID) on March 10 2010; and we contacted experts in the field (the PROactive research consortium and associated expert panel) to check that our list was complete.

Search

We searched the electronic databases using the following search terms: (physical activity OR functioning OR function OR motor activity OR activities of daily living OR walking OR activity OR exercise) AND (questionnaire* OR scale OR tool OR diary OR assessment OR self-report OR measure*) AND (valid*) AND (chronic disease OR elderly OR COPD OR chronic lung disease OR chronic obstructive lung disease) NOT (athletic performance OR sports OR children OR adolescent).

Study selection

The study selection process was piloted by at least two independent reviewers at the start of the review. All titles and abstracts were screened and the decision to include or exclude was recorded (0 = exclude, 1 = order for full text assessment, 2 = only validation study of existing questionnaire, 3 = related study (e.g. reviews), do not order but may be useful reference). All articles that were deemed potentially eligible by at least one reviewer proceeded to full text review. The full texts were then scored against the predefined selection criteria and the decision to include or exclude was again recorded. If there was a discrepancy between two reviewers, a third reviewer was consulted. If the article contained insufficient information then we made three attempts to contact the authors and recorded the outcome. In cases where multiple papers were published (e.g. translations, reporting on different outcomes etc.), we treated the multiple reports as a single study but made reference to all publications.

Data extraction process

We created standardised data extraction forms to record the relevant information from the articles. The data extraction forms were piloted twice by four reviewers. The forms and categories were then adapted and refined where necessary. The first reviewers extracted the data and stored it in a MS Word file. The second reviewers then independently extracted the data and compared their results with that of the first reviewers. Discrepancies were resolved by consulting a third independent reviewer.

Data extraction

We extracted data on the questionnaires' content and format. The format categories were: population (elderly or type of chronic disease), answer options (e.g. 5-point Likert scale, categorical scales), anchors (e.g. 0 = not limited at all to 6 = totally limited), scoring (e.g. total score or average), direction of scale (uni- or bi-directional), recall period (e.g. past 24 hours or past week), administration (self or interviewer administered), quantification (whether questionnaires quantified the amount of physical activity [e.g. number of hours spent] or not), and type of questionnaire (quick overview of the method of assessment [e.g. ability, frequency], the content of assessment [e.g. breathlessness] and the population). The content categories were: a general description of the questionnaire (physical activity only or general questionnaire with physical activity subscales), number of items, number of domains, and labelling of domains.

Content analysis

Content analysis of the domain labels was conducted to synthesise the data. The domains were independently grouped into broad categories by two reviewers and their level of agreement was calculated using Cohen's Kappa coefficient. Mismatches were then resolved and a third reviewer was consulted where necessary. Once the categorisation of all the domains had been agreed, the frequency of domains per category was calculated. Following the categorisation of domains into broad categories, a second content analysis was conducted to further synthesise the content of the questionnaires. This was again done by two independent reviewers and a third reviewer was consulted where necessary. A Venn diagram was then produced to give a visual representation of the content of the questionnaires. A brief content analysis was also conducted for the populations for which the questionnaires were developed (focusing on COPD and related respiratory diseases) and the answer options used.

Results

Study selection

Figure 1 shows a flow diagram of the study identification process. The electronic database search produced 2542 references. After title and abstract screening, 2268 of these were excluded resulting in 274 for full text assessment. This included 5 Japanese and 1 Chinese article which were provisionally included due to their English abstract but were not included in the current analysis as we were unable to translate them [11–15]. Hand searches of reference sections and of excluded articles revealed an additional 70 questionnaires/development studies for full text assessment. The search of the PROQOLID database produced a further 58 questionnaires, 19 of which were included for full text assessment after title and abstract screening. One additional questionnaire was retrieved from the consultation with experts. Therefore, a total of 364 papers were included for full text assessment.

Figure 1
figure 1

Flow diagram showing the study identification process. The diagram shows the process we followed to identify relevant studies and the number of studies that were included or excluded at each stage

Following full text assessment, a further 255 articles were excluded resulting in 104 questionnaires from 103 full texts included in the review [16–119] (one article [65] provided information for the development process of two questionnaires). The most frequent reasons for exclusion were: the questionnaire is not self-reported (n = 71), the questionnaire does not measure physical activity (defined as above [3]) (n = 66), the article was a validation study only (other than the original validation) (n = 35) and the article used the questionnaire as an outcome measure only (did not describe the development or initial validation) (n = 29). The references of all articles excluded after full text assessment are summarised in Additional file 1.

Content of questionnaires

Additional file 2 summarises the extracted data on the content and format of the reviewed questionnaires.

Fifty nine (56.7%) questionnaires focused on physical activity only. Forty three (41.3%) did not focus on physical activity but contained at least one physical activity subscale. Two (1.9%) questionnaires [78, 118] were not described in the publication and the questionnaires were not available from the authors.

A total of 1965 items (a further 5 questionnaires did not report the number of items) relating to physical activity were extracted. The items were not checked for duplicates due to their large number; however, it is unlikely that the items with exactly the same wording would have appeared multiple times. The number of physical activity items per questionnaire ranged from 3 to 123.

After the removal of 56 duplicate domains, a total of 182 physical activity domains (a further 2 articles did not report their domains) were extracted. The number of physical activity domains per questionnaire ranged from 1 to 12. The domains that appeared multiple times are shown in Table 1. All other domains appeared only once.

Table 1 Physical activity domains (as described by the authors) that appeared multiple times

The initial thematic analysis of the 182 physical activity domains found 11 broad categories, plus an additional 'other' category (defined in Table 2). The inter-rater reliability of the initial independent coding of the 182 domains was high with a Cohen's Kappa of 0.87 (p < 0.001) and 88.5% total accordance. After agreement for mismatches, the number of the domains per content theme were: physical activity related mobility (n = 34), household physical activity (n = 21), generic physical activity (n = 20), social physical activity (n = 18), physical activity relating to self (n = 17), dyspnoea & symptom related physical activity (n = 12), leisure physical activity (n = 9), work physical activity (n = 9), exercise physical activity (n = 10), physical activity limitations (n = 8), activities of daily living (ADL) (n = 7) and other (n = 17). The full list of domains and their 11 categories are shown in Additional file 2.

Table 2 Eleven categories identified from the initial content analysis of the physical activity domains

The second content analysis resulted in 4 categories plus an additional 'other' category (defined in Table 3). The Venn diagram in Figure 2 illustrates the distribution of the questionnaires across these 4 categories. This shows that 59 questionnaires contained the domain 'physical activity related to general activities and mobility', 39 the domain 'physical activity related to activities of daily living', 32 the domain 'physical activity related to work, social or leisure time activities', and 18 the domain '(disease-specific) symptoms related to physical activity'. The Venn diagram also shows that none of the questionnaires contained domains from all 4 of the categories. Further, questionnaires containing '(disease-specific) symptoms related to physical activity' domains did not often contain domains from the other 3 categories as well.

Table 3 Four categories identified from the second content analysis of the physical activity domains
Figure 2
figure 2

Venn diagram showing overlapping categories of domains. The Venn diagram shows how the four categories of domains overlap with each other and the percentage of questionnaires that include domains in each category

Format of questionnaires

The questionnaires were developed for patients with a range of chronic diseases and elderly populations. These populations were grouped into the 5 categories 'Elderly', 'COPD patients', 'Patients with other chronic respiratory diseases', 'Patients with unspecified chronic disease or disability', and 'Patients with other specified chronic diseases' (Table 4).

Table 4 Categorisation of the populations for which the included questionnaires were developed (n = 104)

Analysis of the 1965 items revealed 12 different types of answer option (Table 5) and 209 different anchors (duplicate anchors removed). The full list can be seen in Additional file 2. Of the 209 different anchors, the most frequent was the categorical yes/no scale which was used for 265 items overall.

Table 5 Answer options and the frequency of their occurrence

Sixty eight (65.4%) questionnaires were scored by calculating the sum of the items to domains scores and total scores, 10 (9.6%) by calculating a mean score of completed items, 5 (4.8%) using Guttman scaling and 6 (5.8%) using another method classified as 'other'. Fifteen (14.4%) questionnaires did not report the method of scoring used.

Seventy three (70.2%) questionnaires were uni-directional, meaning that the items were phrased in the same direction, either positively or negatively. Three questionnaires (2.9%) were bi-directional, 1 (1%) contained uni-directional and bi-directional items and 27 (26%) did not report the scale direction or direction was not applicable (e.g. categorical scales).

Forty two different recall periods were identified and these were grouped thematically into 10 categories plus a 'not reported/unclear' category. Table 6 shows the categories along with the number of questionnaires to which they apply.

Table 6 Categorisation of recall periods and the frequency of their occurrence

Fifty eight (55.8%) questionnaires were self-administered, 25 (24%) were interviewer-administered and 16 (15.4%) were either self- or interviewer-administered. Five (4.8%) questionnaires did not report their administration format.

Nine of the questionnaires quantified the amount of physical activity engaged in (e.g. total time, duration), whereas the other 95 did not. These questionnaires can be seen in row 3 of Table 7.

Table 7 Frequency of each 'type' of questionnaire

We identified 8 types of questionnaire based on their method of assessing physical activity (e.g. ability) and the content of this assessment (e.g. limitations). These types, along with the frequency of questionnaire for each type and the reference numbers of the questionnaires for each type are shown in Table 7.

Discussion

This systematic review found many PRO questionnaires for assessing physical activity. Most questionnaires focused on physical activity alone (see definition [3]) but there were also multiple questionnaires containing physical activity domains or subscales. Most questionnaires were developed for patients with chronic diseases, although the single largest group was elderly. The format of the questionnaires including the answer options, anchors and recall periods varied considerably. The most common answer option was the yes/no scale. Most questionnaires had no recall period, were uni-directional, self-administered and scored by calculating the sum of the domain or total scores.

Multiple domains and items were extracted and although the domains were grouped broadly into 11 categories, the content varied considerably. Further synthesis into 4 categories and the Venn diagram revealed that no questionnaires contained domains from all 4 categories. This was surprising as we expected to see increased overlap due to the large number of domains and the small number of categories. However, we acknowledge that the questionnaires were developed for a range of populations and limitations experienced by some groups may not be universal. The Venn diagram also showed that '(disease-specific) symptoms related to physical activity' were included by the fewest questionnaires and infrequently overlapped with the other categories. This shows that symptoms and limitations related to physical activity are not prominent in the currently available PRO questionnaires. This is concerning as qualitative research has shown that patients with certain chronic conditions (e.g. asthma) consider symptoms in association with physical activity to be very relevant [120]. This inconsistency may be due to inadequate patient input in the development of these questionnaires as was found in the first part of this review [8]. However, we acknowledge that symptoms are not a relevant aspect of all chronic conditions (e.g. hypertension).

Overall the results show that there is no consensus on what should be included in the content and format of physical activity PRO questionnaires. This is in line with previous reviews which have found variation in the number of recall periods used [6] and inconsistencies in the development and validation methods questionnaires [6, 8]. The lack of consensus may also arise from the scarcity of conceptual frameworks for physical activity, which was documented recently [121]. This highlights a need for further research into physical activity and its potential use as an outcome measure to evaluate treatment benefit. In addition, the results show that many physical activity questionnaires lack important concepts, particularly those relating to symptoms and limitations with physical activity. This poses a problem to researchers when deciding which physical activity PRO questionnaire to choose for their purpose as no questionnaire measures all aspects of physical activity. Although this highlights a need for patient input in the development of future physical activity questionnaires, it is also important to acknowledge that physical activity is a multidimensional construct. It is therefore challenging to create a single questionnaire which encompasses all aspects.

Nevertheless, both this review and our previous systematic review [8] provide a broad overview of physical activity questionnaires and can be used to guide researchers in their selection a questionnaire. For example, a questionnaire may be needed to assess physical activity as an outcome in a pulmonary rehabilitation intervention study of COPD patients (example 1). As another example, investigators may need a questionnaire to assess the association between physical activity and mortality in a prospective cohort study of elderly people (example 2). In situations like these, Additional file 2 will be a useful tool for researchers as it summarises the content and format of the large variety of available questionnaires.

To evaluate pulmonary rehabilitation (as in example 1), a suitable questionnaire may be one that was specifically developed for COPD patients (see 'Population' in Additional file 2) and that assesses domains that a pulmonary rehabilitation program aims to improve (e.g. the patients' ability to perform activities of daily living, see 'Questionnaire type'). Even more specifically, investigators could choose between different types of activities of daily living or household physical activities (see 'Category' and 'Labelling of domains'). Since a study on pulmonary rehabilitation is typically designed to detect a change over time, a unidirectional Likert type scale would be reasonable, encompassing at least 5 points, with corresponding anchors (see 'Direction of scale', 'Answer options' and 'Anchors') resulting in different domain and total scores (see 'Scoring'). Depending on the number of other assessments they may be using, investigators may also want to consider the time to complete ('Number of items') and the recall period ('Recall period') in order to minimise information bias. Based on these considerations, the London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale [49] or the Activity of Daily Living Dyspnoea scale [115] would be reasonable choices.

If physical activity is measured as a determinant of mortality (as in example 2), the amount of physical activity ('Quantification', 'Questionnaire type') is likely to be of importance (e.g. [122]) and could be expressed by the frequency and time spent for performing certain activities ('Category', 'Labelling of domains'). A single number representing the amount of physical activity ('Scoring') would be attractive from a statistical and interpretative perspective. Also, as the researcher may be assessing other determinants of mortality, the length of the questionnaire should be considered to avoid patient burden ('Number of items'). An appropriate questionnaire for this example would be the YALE Physical Activity Survey [36].

During the selection process, the measurement properties also need to be considered once potential questionnaires have been identified based on content and format requirements. For an overview of the development and initial validation data of the questionnaires, readers are referred to Additional file 2 in our previous publication [8].

One of the strengths of this review is that we adhered to a rigorous systematic review methodology throughout the process. We used carefully developed inclusion and exclusion criteria and each step was conducted by at least two independent reviewers from at least two independent institutions to ensure that the most appropriate physical activity questionnaires were included. We kept our search strategy deliberately broad to avoid missing any potentially relevant questionnaires, resulting in what is likely to be the most comprehensive systematic review of physical activity questionnaires to date. We did this by using the definition for physical activity as described in the 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans [3] as a guide. In addition to public database searches we added a thorough hand search of reference sections and the PROQOLID database, resulting in an extensive domain and item pool of physical activity questionnaires.

A challenge of this review was dealing with situations where the decision to include or exclude a questionnaire was unclear. Although we followed carefully defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, some questionnaires assessed specific types of physical activity that were largely unique to the population for which they were developed. In such cases we attempted to make a judgement to include or exclude that was systematically and scientifically defendable. For example, if a questionnaire had been developed for multiple sclerosis patients, we excluded physical activity domains that assessed impaired hand motor activity, but included general domains such as 'walking ability' [55] or 'physical functioning' [95]. Furthermore, although we did not analyse the content of the individual items, they were all entered into an item pool which can be utilised during the later stages of the PROactive project and will be made available to the public upon the conclusion of the project.

Conclusions

This review found a large number of PRO questionnaires are available for assessing physical activity in elderly and chronically ill populations. From these, 182 different physical activity domains were identified. Although the content could be broadly organised, there was little consensus on the content and format of physical activity PRO questionnaires in these populations. Nevertheless, this systematic review will help investigators to select a physical activity PRO questionnaire that best serves their research question and context.

Authors' information

KR is an honorary lecturer of health psychology at the University of Kent, UK. Fabienne Dobbels is a post-doctoral researcher funded by the FWO (Scientific Research Foundation Flanders).

Acknowledgements

The study was conducted within the PROactive project which is funded by the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking (IMI JU) # 115011. The authors would also like to thank Laura Jacobs for her support in the early stages of the project as well as the PROactive group: Caterina Brindicci and Tim Higenbottam (Chiesi Farmaceutici S.A.), Thierry Trooster and Fabienne Dobbels (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), Margaret X. Tabberer (Glaxo Smith Kline), Roberto Rabinovitch and Bill McNee (University of Edinburgh, Old College South Bridge), Ioannis Vogiatzis (Thorax Research Foundation, Athens), Michael Polkey and Nick Hopkinson (Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust), Judith Garcia-Aymerich (Municipal Institute of Medical Research, Barcelona), Milo Puhan and Anja Frei (Universität of Zürich, Zürich), Thys van der Molen and Corina De Jong (University Medical Center, Groningen), Pim de Boer (Netherlands Asthma Foundation, Leusden), Ian Jarrod (British Lung Foundation, UK), Paul McBride (Choice Healthcare Solution, UK), Nadia Kamel (European Respiratory Society, Lausanne), Katja Rudell and Frederick J. Wilson (Pfizer Ltd), Nathalie Ivanoff (Almirall), Karoly Kulich and Alistair Glendenning (Novartis), Niklas X. Karlsson and Solange Corriol-Rohou (AstraZeneca AB), Enkeleida Nikai (UCB) and Damijen Erzen (Boehringer Ingelheim).

Abbreviations

PRO:

Patient-reported outcome

ADL:

Activities of daily living

IADL:

Instrumental activities of daily living.

References

  1. Lagerros YT, Lagiou P: Assessment of physical activity and energy expenditure in epidemiological research of chronic diseases. Eur J Epidemiol 2007, 22(6):353–362.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Valanou EM, Bamia C, Trichopoulou A: Methodology of physical-activity and energy-expenditure assessment: A review. J Public Health 2006, 14(2):58–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans[http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf]

  4. Bottomley A, Jones D, Claassens L: Patient-reported outcomes: Assessment and current perspectives of the guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration and the reflection paper of the European Medicines Agency. Eur J Cancer 2009, 45(3):347–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. European Medicines Agency (EMA): CHMP Reflection Paper on the Regulatory Guidance for the Use of Health Related Quality of life Measures in the Evaluation of Medicinal Products.2006. [http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/09/WC500003637.pdf]

    Google Scholar 

  6. Forsen LLN, Vuillemin A, Chinapaw MJM, van Poppel MNM, Mokkink LB, van Mechelen W, Terwee CB: Self-administered physical activity q. Sports Med 2010, 40: 601–623.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. PROactive[http://www.proactivecopd.com/]

  8. Frei A, Williams K, Vetsch A, Dobbels F, Jacobs L, Rudell K, Puhan MA: A comprehensive systematic review of the development process of 104 patient-reported outcomes (PROs) for physical activity in chronically ill and elderly people. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2011, 9(1):116..

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Systematic Reviews. CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in health care York: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York; 2009.

  10. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG: Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ 2009, 339: 332–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. ChongHua W, Li G, XiaoMei L: Development of the General Module for the System of Quality of Life Instruments for Patients with Chronic Disease: Items selection and structure of the general module. Chinese Mental Health Journal 2005, 19(11):723–726.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Eto F, Tanaka M, Chishima M, Igarashi M, Mizoguchi T, Wada H, Iijima S: Comprehensive activities of daily living (ADL) index for the elderly. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi - Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 1992, 29(11):841–848.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hashimoto S, Aoki R, Tamakoshi A, Shibazaki S, Nagai M, Kawakami N, Ikari A, Ojima T, Ohno Y: Development of index of social activities for the elderly. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi - Japanese Journal of Public Health 1997, 44(10):760–768.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Horiuchi T, Kobayashi Y, Hosoi T, Ishibashi H, Yamamoto S, Yatomi N: The assessment of the reliability and the validity of the EOQOL questionnaire of osteoporotics-QOL assessment of elderly osteoporotics by EOQOL. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi - Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 2005, 42(2):229–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Inaba Y, Obuchi S, Oka K, Arai T, Nagasawa H, Shiba Y, Kojima M: Development of a rating scale for self-efficacy of physical activity in frail elderly people. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi - Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 2006, 43(6):761–768.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Alvarez-Gutierrez FJ, Miravitlles M, Calle M, Gobartt E, Lopez F, Martin A, Grupo de Estudio EIME: Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on activities of daily living: results of the EIME multicenter study. Arch Bronconeumol 2007, 43(2):64–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Anagnostis C, Gatchel RJ, Mayer TG: The pain disability questionnaire: a new psychometrically sound measure for chronic musculoskeletal disorders. Spine 2004, 29(20):2290–2302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Anderson KO, Dowds BN, Pelletz RE, Edwards WT, Peeters-Asdourian C: Development and initial validation of a scale to measure self-efficacy beliefs in patients with chronic pain. Pain 1995, 63(1):77–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Arbuckle TY, Gold DP, Chaikelson JS, Lapidus S: Measurement of activity in the elderly: The Activities Checklist. Can J Aging 1994, 13(4):550–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Avlund K, Kreiner S, Schultz-Larsen K: Functional ability scales for the elderly: a validation study. Eur J Public Health 1996, 6(1):35–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Avlund K, Schultz-Larsen K, Kreiner S: The measurement of instrumental ADL: content validity and construct validity. Aging Clin Exp Res 1993, 5(5):371–383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Baiardini I, Braido F, Fassio O, Tarantini F, Pasquali M, Tarchino F, Berlendis A, Canonica GW: A new tool to assess and monitor the burden of chronic cough on quality of life: Chronic Cough Impact Questionnaire. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2005, 60(4):482.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bergner MPD, Bobbitt RAPD, Carter WBPD, Gilson BSMD: The Sickness Impact Profile: Development and Final Revision of a Health Status Measure. Medical care 1981, 19(8):787–805.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bula CJ, Martin E, Rochat S, Piot-Ziegler C: Validation of an adapted falls efficacy scale in older rehabilitation patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008, 89(2):291–296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Burckhardt CS, Clark SR, Bennett RM: The fibromyalgia impact questionnaire: development and validation. J Rheumatol 1991, 18(5):728–733.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Calin A, Garrett S, Whitelock H, Kennedy LG, O'Hea J, Mallorie P, Jenkinson T: A new approach to defining functional ability in ankylosing spondylitis: the development of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index. J Rheumatol 1994, 21(12):2281–2285.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cardol M, de Haan RJ, de Jong BA, van den Bos GA, de Groot IJ: Psychometric properties of the Impact on Participation and Autonomy Questionnaire. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001, 82(2):210–216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Cardol M, de Haan RJ, van den Bos GA, de Jong BA, de Groot IJ: The development of a handicap assessment questionnaire: the Impact on Participation and Autonomy (IPA). Clin Rehabil 1999, 13(5):411–419.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Carone M, Bertolotti G, Anchisi F, Zotti AM, Donner CF, Jones PW: Analysis of factors that characterize health impairment in patients with chronic respiratory failure Quality of Life in Chronic Respiratory Failure Group. Eur Respir J 1999, 13(6):1293–1300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Caspersen CJ, Bloemberg BPM, Saris WHM, Merritt RK, Kromhout D: The Prevalence of Selected Physical Activities and Their Relation with Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors in Elderly Men: The Zutphen Study, 1985. Am J Epidemiol 1991, 133(11):1078–1092.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Chou K: Hong Kong Chinese Everyday Competence Scale: a validation study. Clin Gerontol 2003, 26(1):43–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Clark DO, Callahan CM, Counsell SR: Reliability and validity of a steadiness score. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005, 53(9):1582–1586.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Clark MS, Bond MJ: The Adelaide Activities Profile: a measure of the life-style activities of elderly people. Aging Clin Exp Res 1995, 7(4):174–184.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Dallosso HM, Morgan K, Bassey EJ, Ebrahim SB, Fentem PH, Arie TH: Levels of customary physical activity among the old and the very old living at home. J Epidemiol Community Health 1988, 42(2):121–127.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Davis AH, Figueredo AJ, Fahy BF, Rawiworrakul T: Reliability and validity of the Exercise Self-Regulatory Efficacy Scale for individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Heart Lung 2007, 36(3):205–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Dipietro L, Caspersen CJ, Ostfeld AM, Nadel ER: A survey for assessing physical activity among older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1993, 25(5):628–642.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Dorevitch MI, Cossar RM, Bailey FJ, Bisset T, Lewis SJ, Wise LA, MacLennan WJ: The accuracy of self and informant ratings of physical functional capacity in the elderly. J Clin Epidemiol 1992, 45(7):791–798.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Dunderdale K, Thompson DR, Beer SF, Furze G, Miles JNV: Development and validation of a patient-centered health-related quality-of-life measure: the Chronic Heart Failure Assessment Tool. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2008, 23(4):364–370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Eakin EG, Resnikoff PM, Prewitt LM, Ries AL, Kaplan RM: Validation of a new dyspnea measure: the UCSD Shortness of Breath Questionnaire. Chest 1998, 113(3):619–624.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Eakman AM: A reliability and validity study of the Meaningful Activity Participation Assessment. University of Southern California; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Fillenbaum GG: Screening the elderly. A brief instrumental activities of daily living measure. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985, 33(10):698–706.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Fillenbaum GG, Smyer MA: The development, validity, and reliability of the OARS multidimensional functional assessment questionnaire. J Gerontol 1981, 36(4):428–434.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Finch M, Kane RL, Philp I: Developing a new metric for ADLs. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995, 43(8):877–884.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Follick MJ, Ahern DK, Laser-Wolston N: Evaluation of a daily activity diary for chronic pain patients. Pain 1984, 19(4):373–382.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Frederiks CM, te Wierik MJ, Visser AP, Sturmans F: The functional status and utilization of care of elderly people living at home. J Community Health 1990, 15(5):307–317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Friedenreich CM, Courneya KS, Bryant HE: The lifetime total physical activity questionnaire: development and reliability. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1998, 30(2):266–274.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Fries JF, Spitz PW, Young DY: The dimensions of health outcomes: the health assessment questionnaire, disability and pain scales. J Rheumatol 1982, 9(5):789–793.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Garrad J, Bennett AE: A validated interview schedule for use in population surveys of chronic disease and disability. Br J Prev Soc Med 1971, 25(2):97–104.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Garrod R, Bestall JC, Paul EA, Wedzicha JA, Jones PW: Development and validation of a standardized measure of activity of daily living in patients with severe COPD: the London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale (LCADL). Respir Med 2000, 94(6):589–596.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Guyatt GH, Berman LB, Townsend M, Pugsley SO, Chambers LW: A measure of quality of life for clinical trials in chronic lung disease. Thorax 1987, 42(10):773–778.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Guyatt GH, Eagle DJ, Sackett B, Willan A, Griffith L, McIlroy W, Patterson CJ, Turpie I: Measuring quality of life in the frail elderly. J Clin Epidemiol 1993, 46(12):1433–1444.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Harwood RH, Rogers A, Dickinson E, Ebrahim S: Measuring handicap: the London Handicap Scale, a new outcome measure for chronic disease. Qual Health Care 1994, 3(1):11–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Helmes E, Hodsman A, Lazowski D, Bhardwaj A, Crilly R, Nichol P, Drost D, Vanderburgh L, Pederson L: A Questionnaire To Evaluate Disability in Osteoporotic Patients With Vertebral Compression Fractures. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 1995, 50A(2):M91-M98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Hlatky MA, Boineau RE, Higginbotham MB, Lee KL, Mark DB, Califf RM, Cobb FR, Pryor DB: A brief self-administered questionnaire to determine functional capacity (the Duke Activity Status Index). Am J Cardiol 1989, 64(10):651–654.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Hobart JC, Riazi A, Lamping DL, Fitzpatrick R, Thompson AJ: Measuring the impact of MS on walking ability: The 12-Item MS Walking Scale (MSWS-12). Neurology 2003, 60(1):31–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Holbrook M, Skilbeck CE: An activities index for use with stroke patients. Age Ageing 1983, 12(2):166–170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Hyland ME: The Living with Asthma Questionnaire. Respir Med 1991, 85(2):13–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Jacobs JE, Maille AR, Akkermans RP, van Weel C, Grol RP: Assessing the quality of life of adults with chronic respiratory diseases in routine primary care: construction and first validation of the 10-Item Respiratory Illness Questionnaire-monitoring 10 (RIQ-MON10). Qual Life Res 2004, 13(6):1117–1127.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Jette AM, Deniston OL: Inter-observer reliability of a functional status assessment instrument. J Chronic Dis 1978, 31(9–10):573–580.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM, Littlejohns P: A self-complete measure of health status for chronic airflow limitation. The St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992., 145(6):

  61. Kaplan RM, Sieber WJ, Ganiats TG: The quality of well-being scale: comparison of the interviewer-administered version with a self-administered questionnaire. Psychol Health 1997, 12: 783–791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Keith RA, Granger CV, Hamilton BB, Sherwin FS: The functional independence measure: a new tool for rehabilitation. Adv Clin Rehabil 1987, 1: 6–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kempen GI, Suurmeijer TP: The development of a hierarchical polychotomous ADL-IADL scale for noninstitutionalized elders. Gerontologist 1990, 30(4):497–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kuhl K, Schurmann W, Rief W: COPD disability index (CDI) - a new instrument to assess COPD-related disability. COPD-Disability-Index (CDI) - ein neues Verfahren zur Erfassung der COPD-bedingten Beeintrachtigung 2009, 63(3):136.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Mannerkorpi K, Hernelid C: Leisure Time Physical Activity Instrument and Physical Activity at Home and Work Instrument. Development, face validity, construct validity and test-retest reliability for subjects with fibromyalgia. Disabil Rehabil 2005, 27(12):695–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Lareau SC, Carrieri-Kohlman V, Janson-Bjerklie S, Roos PJ: Development and testing of the Pulmonary Functional Status and Dyspnea Questionnaire (PFSDQ). Heart Lung 1994, 23(3):242–250.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Lareau SC, Meek PM, Roos PJ: Development and testing of the modified version of the Pulmonary Functional Status and Dyspnea Questionnaire (PFSDQ-M). Heart Lung 1998, 27(3):159–168.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Lee L, Friesen M, Lambert IR, Loudon RG: Evaluation of Dyspnea During Physical and Speech Activities in Patients With Pulmonary Diseases. Chest 1998, 113(3):625–632.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Leidy NK: Psychometric properties of the functional performance inventory in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nurs Res 1999, 48(1):20–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Lerner D, Amick BC III, Rogers WH, Malspeis S, Bungay K, Cynn D: The Work Limitations Questionnaire. Medical care 2001, 39(1):72–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Letrait M, Lurie A, Bean K, Mesbah M, Venot A, Strauch G, Grandordy BM, Chwalow J: The Asthma Impact Record (AIR) index: a rating scale to evaluate the quality of life of asthmatic patients in France. Eur Respir J 1996, 9(6):1167–1173.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Lewin RJ, Thompson DR, Martin CR, Stuckey N, Devlen J, Michaelson S, Maguire P: Validation of the Cardiovascular Limitations and Symptoms Profile (CLASP) in chronic stable angina. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2002, 22(3):184–191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Linton SJ: Activities of daily living scale for patients with chronic pain. Percept Mot Skills 1990, 71(3 Pt 1):722.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Liu B, Woo J, Tang N, Ng K, Ip R, Yu A: Assessment of total energy expenditure in a Chinese population by a physical activity questionnaire: examination of validity. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2001, 52(3):269–282.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Maillé AR, Koning CJM, Zwinderman AH, Willems LNA, Dijkman JH, Kaptein AA: The development of the [']Quality-of-Life for Respiratory Illness Questionnaire (QOL-RIQ)': a disease-specific quality-of-life questionnaire for patients with mild to moderate chronic non-specific lung disease. Respir Med 1997, 91(5):297–309.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Mathias SD, Bussel JB, George JN, McMillan R, Okano GJ, Nichol JL: A disease-specific measure of health-related quality of life in adults with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: psychometric testing in an open-label clinical trial. Clin Ther 2007, 29(5):950–962.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Mathuranath PS, George A, Cherian PJ, Mathew R, Sarma PS: Instrumental activities of daily living scale for dementia screening in elderly people. Int Psychogeriatr 2005, 17(3):461–474.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Mayer J, Mooney V, Matheson L, Leggett S, Verna J, Balourdas G, DeFilippo G: Reliability and validity of a new computer-administered pictorial activity and task sort. J Occup Rehabil 2005, 15(2):203–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. McHorney CA, Ware JE Jr, Lu JF, Sherbourne CD: The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): III. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. Medical care 1994, 32(1):40–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Migliore Norweg A, Whiteson J, Demetis S, Rey M: A new functional status outcome measure of dyspnea and anxiety for adults with lung disease: the dyspnea management questionnaire. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2006, 26(6):395–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Moriarty D, Zack M, Kobau R: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Healthy Days Measures - Population tracking of perceived physical and mental health over time. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2003, 1(1):37.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Morimoto M, Takai K, Nakajima K, Kagawa K: Development of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease activity rating scale: reliability, validity and factorial structure. Nurs Health Sci 2003, 5(1):23–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Morris WW, Buckwalter KC, Cleary TA, Gilmer JS: Issues related to the validation of the Iowa Self-Assessment Inventory. Educ Psychol Meas 1989, 49(4):853–861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Myers J, Do D, Herbert W, Ribisl P, Froelicher VF: A nomogram to predict exercise capacity from a specific activity questionnaire and clinical data. Am J Cardiol 1994, 73(8):591–596.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Nijs J, Vaes P, McGregor N, Van Hoof E, De Meirleir K: Psychometric properties of the Dutch Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-Activities and Participation Questionnaire (CFS-APQ). Phys Ther 2003, 83(5):444–454.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Nouri FM, Lincoln NB: An extended activities of daily living scale for stroke patients. Clin Rehabil 1987, 1(4):301–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Parkerson GRJMDMPH, Gehlbach SHMDMPH, Wagner EHMDMPH, James SAPD, Clapp NERNMPH, Muhlbaier LHMS: The Duke-UNC Health Profile: An Adult Health Status Instrument for Primary Care. Medical care 1981, 19(8):806–828.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Pluijm SM, Bardage C, Nikula S, Blumstein T, Jylha M, Minicuci N, Zunzunegui MV, Pedersen NL, Deeg DJ: A harmonized measure of activities of daily living was a reliable and valid instrument for comparing disability in older people across countries. J Clin Epidemiol 2005, 58(10):1015–1023.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Rankin SL, Briffa TG, Morton AR, Hung J: A specific activity questionnaire to measure the functional capacity of cardiac patients. Am J Cardiol 1996, 77(14):1220–1223.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Regensteiner JG, Steiner JF, Panzer RJ, Hiatt WR: Evaluation of walking impairment by questionnaire in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Med Biol 1990, 2: 142–152.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Rejeski WJ, Ettinger JWH, Schumaker S, James P, Burns R, Elam JT: Assessing performance-related disability in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1995, 3(3):157–167.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Resnick B, Jenkins LS: Testing the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale. Nurs Res 2000, 49(3):154–159.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Rimmer JH, Riley BB, Rubin SS: A new measure for assessing the physical activity behaviors of persons with disabilities and chronic health conditions: the Physical Activity and Disability Survey. Am J Health Promot 2001, 16(1):34–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Roland M, Morris R: A study of the natural history of back pain. Part I: development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain. Spine 1983, 8(2):141–144.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Rotstein Z, Barak Y, Noy S, Achiron A: Quality of life in multiple sclerosis: development and validation of the 'RAYS' scale and comparison with the SF-36. Int J Qual Health Care 2000, 12(6):511–517.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Schag AC, Heinrich RL, Aadland RL, Ganz PA: Assessing Problems of Cancer Patients: Psychometric Properties of the Cancer Inventory of Problem Situations. Health Psychol 1990, 9(1):83–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Schultz-Larsen K, Avlund K, Kreiner S: Functional ability of community dwelling elderly. Criterion-related validity of a new measure of functional ability. J Clin Epidemiol 1992, 45(11):1315–1326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Shah S, Vanclay F, Cooper B: Improving the sensitivity of the Barthel Index for stroke rehabilitation. J Clin Epidemiol 1989, 42(8):703–709.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Sintonen H: The 15-D Measure of Health Reated Quality of Life: Reliability, Validity and Sensitivity of its Health State Descriptive System. 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Sintonen H: The 15D instrument of health-related quality of life: properties and applications. Ann Med 2001, 33(5):328–336.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. So CT, Man DWK: Development and validation of an activities of daily living inventory for the rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. OTJR: Occupation, Participation & Health 2008, 28(4):149–159.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Stel VS, Smit JH, Pluijm SM, Visser M, Deeg DJ, Lips P: Comparison of the LASA Physical Activity Questionnaire with a 7-day diary and pedometer. J Clin Epidemiol 2004, 57(3):252–258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Stewart AL, Mills KM, King AC, Haskell WL, Gillis D, Ritter PL: CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire for older adults: outcomes for interventions. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2001, 33(7):1126–1141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Tinetti ME, Richman D, Powell L: Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling. J Gerontol 1990, 45(6):P239-P243.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Tu SP, McDonell MB, Spertus JA, Steele BG, Fihn SD: A new self-administered questionnaire to monitor health-related quality of life in patients with COPD. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP) Investigators. Chest 1997, 112(3):614–622.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Tugwell P, Bombardier C, Buchanan WW, Goldsmith CH, Grace E, Hanna B: The MACTAR Patient Preference Disability Questionnaire-an individualized functional priority approach for assessing improvement in physical disability in clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1987, 14(3):446–451.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. van der Molen T, Willemse BW, Schokker S, ten Hacken NH, Postma DS, Juniper EF: Development, validity and responsiveness of the Clinical COPD Questionnaire. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2003, 1: 13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Verbunt JA: Reliability and validity of the PAD questionnaire: a measure to assess pain-related decline in physical activity. J Rehabil Med 2008, 40(1):9–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Voorrips LE, Ravelli AC, Dongelmans PC, Deurenberg P, Van Staveren WA: A physical activity questionnaire for the elderly. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1991, 23(8):974–979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA: The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): development and evaluation. J Clin Epidemiol 1993, 46(2):153–162.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Weaver TE, Narsavage GL, Guilfoyle MJ: The development and psychometric evaluation of the Pulmonary Functional Status Scale: an instrument to assess functional status in pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1998, 18(2):105–111.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Wigal JK, Creer TL, Kotses H: The COPD Self-Efficacy Scale. Chest 1991, 99(5):1193–1196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Windisch W, Freidel K, Schucher B, Baumann H, Wiebel M, Matthys H, Petermann F: The Severe Respiratory Insufficiency (SRI) Questionnaire A specific measure of health-related quality of life in patients receiving home mechanical ventilation. J Clin Epidemiol 2003, 56(8):752–759.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Yohannes AM, Roomi J, Winn S, Connolly MJ: The Manchester Respiratory Activities of Daily Living questionnaire: development, reliability, validity, and responsiveness to pulmonary rehabilitation. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000, 48(11):1496–1500.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Yoza Y, Ariyoshi K, Honda S, Taniguchi H, Senjyu H: Development of an activity of daily living scale for patients with COPD: the Activity of Daily Living Dyspnoea scale. Respirology 2009, 14(3):429–435.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Topolski TD, LoGerfo J, Patrick DL, Williams B, Walwick J, Patrick MB: The Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) among older adults. Prev Chronic Dis 2006, 3(4):A118.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Zaragoza J, Lugli-Rivero Z: Development and Validation of a Quality of Life Questionnaire for Patients with Chronic Respiratory Disease (CV-PERC): Preliminary Results. Construccion y validacion del instrumento Calidad de Vida en Pacientes con Enfermedades Respiratorias Cronicas (CV-PERC) Resultados preliminares 2009, 45(2):81.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Zhou YQ, Chen SY, Jiang LD, Guo CY, Shen ZY, Huang PX, Wang JY: Development and evaluation of the quality of life instrument in chronic liver disease patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009, 24(3):408–415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Zisberg A: Influence of routine on functional status in elderly: development and validation of an instrument to measure routine. University of Washington; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Mancuso CA, Sayles W, Robbins L, Phillips EG, Ravenell K, Duffy C, Wenderoth S, Charlson ME: Barriers and facilitators to healthy physical activity in asthma patients. J Asthma 2006, 43(2):137–143.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Gimeno-Santos E, Frei A, Dobbels F, Rudell K, Puhan MA, Garcia-Aymerich J: Validity of instruments to measure physical activity may be questionable due to a lack of conceptual frameworks: a systematic review. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2011, 9: 86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  122. Garcia-Aymerich J, Lange P, Benet M, Schnohr P, Anto JM: Regular physical activity reduces hospital admission and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population based cohort study. Thorax 2006, 61(9):772–778.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Ainsworth BE, Jacobs DR Jr, Leon AS: Validity and reliability of self-reported physical activity status: the Lipid Research Clinics questionnaire. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 1993, 25(1):92–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Ainsworth BE, Leon AS, Richardson MT, Jacobs DR, Paffenbarger RS Jr: Accuracy of the College Alumnus Physical Activity Questionnaire. J Clin Epidemiol 1993, 46(12):1403–1411.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Almeida MH, de Pinho Spinola AW, Iwamizu PS, Okura RI, Barroso LP, Lima AC: Reliability of the instrument for classifying elderly people's capacity for self-care. Rev Saude Publica 2008, 42(2):317–323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Anders J, Dapp U, Laub S, von RentelnKruse W: Impact of fall risk and fear of falling on mobility of independently living senior citizens transitioning to frailty: Screening results concerning fall prevention in the community. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2007, 40(4):255–267.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Araki A, Izumo Y, Inoue J, et al.: Development of Elderly Diabetes Impact Scales (EDIS) in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi - Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 1995, 32(12):786–796.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Arbuckle TY, Gold D, Andres D: Cognitive functioning of older people in relation to social and personality variables. Psychol Aging 1986, 1(1):55–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Avlund K, Kreiner S, Schultz-Larsen K: Construct validation and the Rasch model: functional ability of healthy elderly people. Scand J Soc Med 1993, 21(4):233–246.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Badia X, Webb SM, Prieto L, Lara N: Acromegaly Quality of Life Questionnaire (AcroQoL). Health Qual Life Outcomes 2004, 2: 13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  131. Baecke JA, Burema J, Frijters JE: A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1982, 36(5):936–942.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Bandura A: Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman & Co 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Barber JH, Wallis JB, McKeating E: A postal screening questionnaire in preventive geriatric care. J R Coll Gen Pract 1980, 30(210):49–51.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  134. Barberger-Gateau P, Commenges D, Gagnon M, Letenneur L, Sauvel C, Dartigues J: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living as a screening tool for cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly community dwellers. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992, 40(11):1129–1134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Barberger-Gateau P, Rainville C, Letenneur L, Dartigues J: A hierarchical model of domains of disablement in the elderly: a longitudinal approach. Disabil Rehabil 2000, 22(7):308–317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Basler HD, Luckmann J, Wolf U, Quint S: Fear-avoidance beliefs, physical activity, and disability in elderly individuals with chronic low back pain and healthy controls. Clin J Pain 2008, 24(7):604–610.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Bayliss EA, Ellis JL, Steiner JF: Subjective assessments of comorbidity correlate with quality of life health outcomes: initial validation of a comorbidity assessment instrument. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2005, 3: 51.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  138. Bennell KL, Hinman RS, Crossley KM, et al.: Is the Human Activity Profile a useful measure in people with knee osteoarthritis? J Rehabil Res Dev 2004, 41(4):621–629.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Berg K, W DS, LW J: Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument. Physiother Can 1989, 41(6):301–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Bergland A, Jarnlo G, Laake K: Validity of an index of self-reported walking for balance and falls in elderly women. Advances in Physiotherapy 2002, 4(2):65–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Bestall JC, Paul EA, Garrod R, Garnham R, Jones PW, Wedzicha JA: Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1999, 54(7):581–586.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  142. Binder EF, Miller JP, Ball LJ: Development of a test of physical performance for the nursing home setting. Gerontologist 2001, 41(5):671–679.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Leblanc C, Lortie G, Savard R, Theriault G: A method to assess energy expenditure in children and adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1983, 37(3):461–467.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Boult C, Krinke UB, Urdangarin CF, Skarin V: The validity of nutritional status as a marker for future disability and depressive symptoms among high-risk older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999, 47(8):995–999.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Bowns I, Challis D, Tong MS: Case finding in elderly people: validation of a postal questionnaire. Br J Gen Pract 1991, 41(344):100–104.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  146. Braido F, Baiardini I, Tarantini F, et al.: Chronic cough and QoL in allergic and respiratory diseases measured by a new specific validated tool-CCIQ. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2006, 16(2):110–116.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Budzynski HK, Budzynski T: Perceived Physical Functioning Scale for community dwelling elderly... 34th Annual Communicating Nursing Research Conference/15th Annual WIN Assembly, "Health Care Challenges Beyond 2001: Mapping the Journey for Research and Practice," held April 19–21, 2001 in Seattle, Washington. Commun Nurs Res 2001, 34: 325–325.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Burckhardt CS, Woods SL, Schultz AA, Ziebarth DM: Quality of life of adults with chronic illness: a psychometric study. Res Nurs Health 1989, 12(6):347–354.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Carter R, Holiday DB, Grothues C, Nwasuruba C, Stocks J, Tiep B: Criterion validity of the Duke Activity Status Index for assessing functional capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2002, 22(4):298–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Cartmel B, Moon TE: Comparison of two physical activity questionnaires, with a diary, for assessing physical activity in an elderly population. J Clin Epidemiol 1992, 45(8):877–833.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Chasan-Taber S, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al.: Reproducibility and Validity of a Self-Administered Physical Activity Questionnaire for Male Health Professionals. Epidemiology 1996, 7(1):81–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Chen H, Eisner MD, Katz PP, Yelin EH, Blanc PD: Measuring disease-specific quality of life in obstructive airway disease: Validation of a modified version of the airways questionnaire 20. Chest 2006, 129(6):1644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Chen Q, Kane RL: Effects of using consumer and expert ratings of an activities of daily living scale on predicting functional outcomes of postacute care. J Clin Epidemiol 2001, 54(4):334–342.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Chester GA: Normative data for the brief symptom inventory for mature and independent living adults. 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Chiou C: Development and psychometric assessment of the Physical Symptom Distress Scale. J Pain Symptom Manage 1998, 16(2):87–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Choi YH, Kim MS, Byon YS, Won JS: [Health status of elderly persons in Korea]. Kanho Hakhoe Chi [Journal of Nurses Academic Society] 1990, 20(3):307–323.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Clarke JE, Eccleston C: Assessing the quality of walking in adults with chronic pain: the development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of the Bath Assessment of Walking Inventory. European Journal of Pain: Ejp 2009, 13(3):305–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Coleman EA, Wagner EH, Grothaus LC, Hecht J, Savarino J, Buchner DM: Predicting hospitalization and functional decline in older health plan enrollees: are administrative data as accurate as self-report?[see comment]. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998, 46(4):419–425.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Colombel JF, Yazdanpanah Y, Laurent F, Houcke P, Delas N, Marquis P: Quality of life in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Validation of a questionnaire and first French data. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1996, 20(12):1071–1077.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Covinsky KE, Hilton J, Lindquist K, Dudley RA: Development and validation of an index to predict activity of daily living dependence in community-dwelling elders. Medical care 2006, 44(2):149–157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Covinsky KE, Palmer RM, Counsell SR, Pine ZM, Walter LC, Chren M: Functional status before hospitalization in acutely ill older adults: Validity and clinical importance of retrospective reports. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000, 48(2):164–169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, et al.: International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 2003, 35(8):1381–1395.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Crawford B, Monz B, Hohlfeld J, et al.: Development and validation of a cough and sputum assessment questionnaire. Respir Med 2008, 102(11):1545–1555.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Creel GL, Light KE, Thigpen MT: Concurrent and construct validity of scores on the Timed Movement Battery. Phys Ther 2001, 81(2):789–798.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Crockett DJ, Tuokko H, Koch W, Parks R: The assessment of everyday functioning using the Present Functioning Questionnaire and the Functional Rating Scale in elderly samples. Clin Gerontol 1989, 8(3):3–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Crouch MJ: Assessing components of loss-related dysfunction in the elderly. 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Cullum CM, Saine K, Chan LD, Martin-Cook K, Gray KF, Weiner MF: Performance- Based instrument to assess functional capacity in dementia: The Texas Functional Living Scale. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 2001, 14(2):103–108.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Dahlin-Ivanoff S, Sonn U, Svensson E: Development of an ADL instrument targeting elderly persons with age-related macular degeneration. Disabil Rehabil 2001, 23(2):69–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Daltroy LH, Phillips CB, Eaton HM, et al.: Objectively measuring physical ability in elderly persons: the Physical Capacity Evaluation. Am J Public Health 1995, 85(4):558–560.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  170. De Leo D, Diekstra RF, Lonnqvist J, et al.: LEIPAD, an internationally applicable instrument to assess quality of life in the elderly. Behav Med 1998, 24(1):17–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. de Veer AJ, de Bakker DH: Measuring unmet needs to assess the quality of home health care. Int J Qual Health Care 1994, 6(3):267–274.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Deniston OL, Jette A: A functional status assessment instrument: validation in an elderly population. Health Serv Res 1980, 15(1):21–34.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  173. Devins GM: Using the illness intrusiveness ratings scale to understand health-related quality of life in chronic disease. Journal of psychosomatic research 2009. Journal Article

    Google Scholar 

  174. Devins GM, Binik YM, Hutchinson TA, Hollomby DJ, Barre PE, Guttmann RD: The emotional impact of end-stage renal disease: importance of patients' perception of intrusiveness and control. Int J Psychiatry Med 1983, 13(4):327–343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Devlen JMSMP: Measuring Quality of Life: A Disease-Specific Approach.

  176. Deyo RA, Inui TS, Leininger JD, Overman SS: Measuring functional outcomes in chronic disease: a comparison of traditional scales and a self-administered health status questionnaire in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Medical care 1983, 21(2):180–192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Dickerson AE, Fisher AG: Culture-relevant functional performance assessment of the Hispanic elderly. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 1995, 15(1):50–68.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Dinger MK, Oman RF, Taylor EL, Vesely SK, Able J: Stability and convergent validity of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2004, 44(2):186–192.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Dixon D, Pollard B, Johnston M: What does the chronic pain grade questionnaire measure? Pain 2007, 130(3):249–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Doble SE, Fisher AG: The dimensionality and validity of the Older Americans Resources and Services (OARS) Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Scale. J Outcome Meas 1998, 2(1):4–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. DuBose KD, Edwards S, Ainsworth BE, Reis JP, Slattery ML: Validation of a historical physical activity questionnaire in middle-aged women. J Phys Act Health 2007, 4(3):343–355.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Duiverman ML, Wempe JB, Bladder G, Kerstjens HA, Wijkstra PJ: Health-related quality of life in COPD patients with chronic respiratory failure. The European respiratory journal: official journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology 2008, 32(2):379.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Eakman AM: A reliability and validity study of the Meaningful Activity Participation Assessment. 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Eaton T, Young P, Fergusson W, Garrett JE, Kolbe J: The Dartmouth COOP Charts: A simple, reliable, valid and responsive quality of life tool for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care & Rehabilitation 2005, 14(3):577–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. Edwards R, Telfair J, Cecil H, Lenoci J: Reliability and validity of a self-efficacy instrument specific to sickle cell disease. Behav Res Ther 2000, 38(9):951–963.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Eisner MD, Trupin L, Katz PP, et al.: Development and validation of a survey-based COPD severity score. Chest 2005, 127(6):1890.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Fabris F: MMPMFGVPSC. Dependance medical index (DMI) in elderly persons: a tool for identification of dependence for medical reasons. Bold 1996, 6: 9–12.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Fairbank JC, Couper J, Davies JB, O'Brien JP: The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy 1980, 66(8):271–273.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Feitel B: A checklist for measuring nonfunctional behavior of regressed chronic psychiatric patients. J Clin Psychol 1981, 37(1):158–160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Fillenbaum GG, Chandra V, Ganguli M, et al.: Development of an activities of daily living scale to screen for dementia in an illiterate rural older population in India. Age Ageing 1999, 28(2):161–168.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Fillenbaum GG, Pfeiffer E: The Mini-Mult: A cautionary note. J Consult Clin Psychol 1976, 44(5):698–703.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Fine MA, Tangeman PJ: Adaptive Behavior Scale predictive validity with elderly male veterans. Clin Gerontol 1993, 14(2):27–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  193. Fisher AG: The assessment of IADL motor skills: an application of many-faceted Rasch analysis. American journal of occupational therapy.: official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association 1993, 47(4):319–329.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Floyd FJ, Haynes SN, Doll ER, et al.: Assessing retirement satisfaction and perceptions of retirement experiences. Psychol Aging 1992, 7(4):609–621.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Frederiks CMA, te Wierik MJM, Visser AP, Sturmans F: A scale for the functional status of the elderly living at home. J Adv Nurs 1991, 16(3):287–292.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Gabel CP, Michener LA, Burkett B, Neller A: The Upper Limb Functional Index: development and determination of reliability, validity, and responsiveness. Journal of hand therapy: official journal of the American Society of Hand Therapists 2006, 19(3):328–348. quiz 349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  197. Gerety MB, Mulrow CD, Tuley MR, et al.: Development and validation of a physical performance instrument for the functionally impaired elderly: the Physical Disability Index (PDI). J Gerontol 1993, 48(2):M33-M38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Gosman-Hedstrom G, Svensson E: Parallel reliability of the functional independence measure and the Barthel ADL index. Disabil Rehabil 2000, 22(16):702–715.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Granger Carl VMD, Benjamin D, Wright P: Looking ahead to the use of functional assessment in ambulatory physiatric and primary care. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America: New Developments in Functional Assessment 1993, 4(3):595–605.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Granger CV, Ottenbacher KJ, Baker JG, Sehgal A: Reliability of a brief outpatient functional outcome assessment measure. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation/Association of Academic Physiatrists 1995, 74(6):469–475.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Greenland P, Ries AL, Williams MA: Literature update: selected abstracts from recent publications in cardiac and pulmonary disease prevention, rehabilitation, and exercise physiology. [Commentary on] Development and validation of a standardized measure of activity of daily living in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2001, 21(3):178–179.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Gulick EE: Reliability and validity of the work assessment scale for persons with multiple sclerosis. Nurs Res 1991, 40(2):107–112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Gulick EE, Yam M, Touw MM: Work performance by persons with multiple sclerosis: conditions that impede or enable the performance of work. Int J Nurs Stud 1989, 26(4):301–311.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Haapaniemi TH, Sotaniemi KA, Sintonen H, Taimela E: The generic 15D instrument is valid and feasible for measuring health related quality of life in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004, 75(7):976–983.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  205. Hagg O, Fritzell P, Romberg K, Nordwall A: The General Function Score: a useful tool for measurement of physical disability. Validity and reliability. European spine journal: official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2001, 10(3):203–210.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Han CW, Yajima Y, Lee EJ, et al.: Development and construct validation of the Korean competence scale (KCS). Tohoku J Exp Med 2004, 203(4):331–337.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Harada K, Ota A, Shibata A, Oka K, Nakamura Y, Muraoka I: Development of the exercise-specified subjective health status scale for the frail elderly... 7th World Congress on Aging and Physical Activity. J Aging Phys Act 2008, 16: 185–185.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Harwood RH, Rogers A, Dickinson E, Ebrahim S: Measuring handicap: the London Handicap Scale, a new outcome measure for chronic disease. Qual Health Care 1994, 3(1):11–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  209. Hebert R, Carrier R, Bilodeau A: The Functional Autonomy Measurement System (SMAF): description and validation of an instrument for the measurement of handicaps. Age Ageing 1988, 17(5):293–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Hidalgo JL, Gras CB, Lapeira JM, et al.: The Hearing-Dependent Daily Activities Scale to evaluate impact of hearing loss in older people. Ann Fam Med 2008, 6(5):441–447.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  211. Hiratsuka T, Kida K: Quality of life measurements using a linear analog scale for elderly patients with chronic lung disease. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 1993, 32(11):832–836.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Hodgev V, Kostianev S, Marinov B: University of Cincinnati Dyspnea Questionnaire for Evaluation of Dyspnoea during physical and speech activities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a validation analysis. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2003, 23(5):269–274.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Holm I, Friis A, Storheim K, Brox JI: Measuring self-reported functional status and pain in patients with chronic low back pain by postal questionnaires: a reliability study. Spine 2003, 28(8):828–833.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Huijbregts MP, Teare GF, McCullough C, et al.: Standardization of the continuing care activity measure: a multicenter study to assess reliability, validity, and ability to measure change. Phys Ther 2009, 89(6):546–555.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Iida N, Kohashi N, Koyama W: The reliability and validity of a new self-completed questionnaire (QUIK). Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi - Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 1995, 32(2):96–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Incalzi RA, Corsonello A, Pedone C, et al.: Construct validity of activities of daily living scale: a clue to distinguish the disabling effects of COPD and congestive heart failure. Chest 2005, 127(3):830–838.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Itzkovich M, Catz A, Tamir A, et al.: Spinal pain independence measure-a new scale for assessment of primary ADL dysfunction related to LBP. Disabil Rehabil 2001, 23(5):186–191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM, Strom SE: The Chronic Pain Coping Inventory: development and preliminary validation. Pain 1995, 60(2):203–216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Jette AM, Davies AR, Cleary PD, et al.: The Functional Status Questionnaire: reliability and validity when used in primary care. J Gen Intern Med 1986, 1(3):143–149.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Kai I, Ohi G, Kobayashi Y, Ishizaki T, Hisata M, Kiuchi M: Quality of life: a possible health index for the elderly. Asia Pac J Public Health 1991, 5(3):221–227.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Kames LD, Naliboff BD, Heinrich RL, Schag CC: The chronic illness problem inventory: problem-oriented psychosocial assessment of patients with chronic illness. Int J Psychiatry Med 1984, 14(1):65–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Katsura H, Yamada K, Kida K: Usefulness of a linear analog scale questionnaire to measure health-related quality of life in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003, 51(8):1131–1135.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Katz JN, Wright EA, Baron JA, Losina E: Development and validation of an index of musculoskeletal functional limitations. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009, 10: 62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  224. Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW, Jackson BA, Jaffe MW: Studies of Illness in the Aged. the Index of Adl: a Standardized Measure of Biological and Psychosocial Function. JAMA 1963, 185: 914–919.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Kincannon JC: Prediction of the standard MMPI scale scores from 71 items: the mini-mult. J Consult Clin Psychol 1968, 32(3):319–325.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Lachman ME, Howland J, Tennstedt S, Jette A, Assmann S, Peterson EW: Fear of falling and activity restriction: the survey of activities and fear of falling in the elderly (SAFE). Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences 1998, 53(1):P43-P50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Larson JL, Kapella MC, Wirtz S, Covey MK, Berry J: Reliability and validity of the Functional Performance Inventory in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Nurs Meas 1998, 6(1):55–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Lawton MP, Brody EM: Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 1969, 9(3):179–186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Leeuw M, Goossens ME, van Breukelen GJ, Boersma K, Vlaeyen JW: Measuring perceived harmfulness of physical activities in patients with chronic low back pain: the Photograph Series of Daily Activities-short electronic version. J Pain 2007, 8(11):840–849.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Leidy NK: Using functional status to assess treatment outcomes. Chest 1994, 106(6):1645–1646.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Leidy NK: Functional status and the forward progress of merry-go-rounds: toward a coherent analytical framework. Nurs Res 1994, 43(4):196–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Leidy NK, Knebel AR: Clinical validation of the functional performance inventory in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Care 1999, 44(8):932.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Leidy NK, Schmier JK, Jones MK, Lloyd J, Rocchiccioli K: Evaluating symptoms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: validation of the Breathlessness, Cough and Sputum Scale. Respir Med 2003, 97: 59–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  234. Lennon S, Johnson L: The modified rivermead mobility index: validity and reliability. Disabil Rehabil 2000, 22(18):833–839.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Lenze EJ, Munin MC, Quear T, et al.: The Pittsburgh Rehabilitation Participation Scale: reliability and validity of a clinician-rated measure of participation in acute rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004, 85(3):380–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Letts L, Scott S, Burtney J, Marshall L, McKean M: The reliability and validity of the safety assessment of function and the environment for rehabilitation (SAFER tool). British Journal of Occupational Therapy 1998, 61(3):127–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  237. Leung AS, Chan KK, Sykes K, Chan KS: Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a 2-min walk test to assess exercise capacity of COPD patients. Chest 2006, 130(1):119–125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Levine S, Gillen M, Weiser P, Feiss G, Goldman M, Henson D: Inspiratory pressure generation: comparison of subjects with COPD and age-matched normals. J Appl Physiol 1988, 65(2):888–899.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Lincoln NB, Gladman JR: The Extended Activities of Daily Living scale: a further validation. Disabil Rehabil 1992, 14(1):41–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Linn MW, Linn BS: Self-evaluation of life function (self) scale: a short, comprehensive self-report of health for elderly adults. J Gerontol 1984, 39(5):603–612.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Linzer M, Gold DT, Pontinen M, Divine GW, Felder A, Brooks WB: Recurrent syncope as a chronic disease: preliminary validation of a disease-specific measure of functional impairment. J Gen Intern Med 1994, 9(4):181–186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Littman AJ, White E, Kristal AR, Patterson RE, Satia-Abouta J, Potter JD: Assessment of a one-page questionnaire on long-term recreational physical activity. Epidemiology 2004, 15(1):105–113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Livingston G, Watkin V, Manela M, Rosser R, Katona C: Quality of life in older people. Aging Ment Health 1998, 2(1):20–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  244. Ljungquist T, Nygren A, Jensen I, Harms-Ringdahl K: Physical performance tests for people with spinal pain-sensitivity to change. Disabil Rehabil 2003, 25(15):856–866.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Lundin-Olsson L, Nyberg L, Gustafson Y: Attention, frailty, and falls: the effect of a manual task on basic mobility. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998, 46(6):758–761.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Macfarlane DJ, Chou KL, Cheng YH, Chi I: Validity and normative data for thirty-second chair stand test in elderly community-dwelling Hong Kong Chinese. Am J Hum Biol 2006, 18(3):418–421.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. MacKenzie CR, Charlson ME, DiGioia D, Kelley K: A patient-specific measure of change in maximal function. Arch Intern Med 1986, 146(7):1325–1329.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. MacKnight C, Rockwood K: A Hierarchical Assessment of Balance and Mobility. Age Ageing 1995, 24(2):126–130.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Maeda A, Yuasa T, Nakamura K, Higuchi S, Motohashi Y: Physical performance tests after stroke: reliability and validity. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2000, 79(6):519–525.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  250. Magnussen L, Strand LI, Lygren H: Reliability and validity of the back performance scale: observing activity limitation in patients with back pain. Spine 2004, 29(8):903–907.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Mahoney RI, Barthel DW, Shah Surya: Professor Occupational Therapy and Neurology, Visiting Professor Neurorehabilitation, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, 930 Madison, Suite 601, Memphis, TN 38163. 1965, 1: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  252. Mahurin RK, DeBettignies BH, Pirozzolo FJ: Structured assessment of independent living skills: preliminary report of a performance measure of functional abilities in dementia. J Gerontol 1991, 46(2):P58-P66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Majani G, Callegari S, Pierobon A, Giardini A, Vidotto G: Satisfaction profile (SAT-P): A new evaluation instrument in a clinical environment. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale 1997, 3(1):27–41.

    Google Scholar 

  254. Majani G: CAPA. A New Instrument in Quality-of-Lie Assessment The Satisfaction Profile (SAT-P). International Journal of Mental Health 1999, 28(3):77–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  255. Marcus BH, Rossi JS, Selby VC, Niaura RS, Abrams DB: The stages and processes of exercise adoption and maintenance in a worksite sample. Health psychology: official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association 1992, 11(6):386–395.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Marks GB, Dunn SM, Woolcock AJ: A scale for the measurement of quality of life in adults with asthma. J Clin Epidemiol 1992, 45(5):461–472.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Marquis P: Evaluation de l'impact de l'artériopathie oblitérante des membres inférieurs sur la qualité de vie. Drugs 1998, 56(6):25–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Marquis P, Fayol C, McCarthy C, Fiessinger JN: Measurement of quality of life in intermittent claudication. Clinical validation of a questionnaire. Presse medicale (Paris, France: 1983) 1994, 23(28):1288–1292.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Martin LL: Validity and reliability of a quality-of-life instrument: the chronic respiratory disease questionnaire. Clin Nurs Res 1994, 3(2):146–156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Martinez FJ, Raczek AE, Seifer FD, et al.: Development and Initial Validation of a Self-Scored COPD Population Screener Questionnaire (COPD-PS). COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2008, 5(2):85–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  261. McCabe MA, Granger CV: Content validity of a pediatric functional independence measure. Applied Nursing Research: ANR 1990, 3(3):120–122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. McGee MA, Johnson AL, Kay DW: The description of activities of daily living in five centres in England and Wales. Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. Age & Ageing 1998, 27(5):605–613.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Medinas-Amoros M, Alorda C, Renom F, et al.: Quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the predictive validity of the BODE index. Chron Respir Dis 2008, 5(1):7–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Mendelsohn ME, Connelly DM, Overend TJ, Petrella RJ: Validity of values for metabolic equivalents of task during submaximal all-extremity exercise and reliability of exercise responses in frail older adults. Phys Ther 2008, 88(6):747–756.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Mezzani A, Corra U, Baroffio C, Bosimini E, Giannuzzi P: Habitual activities and peak aerobic capacity in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Chest 2000, 117(5):1291–1299.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Mielenz T, Jackson E, Currey S, DeVellis R, Callahan LF: Psychometric properties of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Health-Related Quality of Life (CDC HRQOL) items in adults with arthritis. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2006, 4: 66.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  267. Mihay L, Iltzsche E, Tribby A, et al.: Balance and perceived confidence with performance of instrumental activities of daily living: a pilot study of Tai Chi inspired exercise with elderly retirement-community dwellers. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 2003, 21(3):75–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  268. Mithal M, Mann WC, Granger CV: The role of coronary heart disease (CHD) in functional limitation in community dwelling elders. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 2001, 19(3):33–46.

    Google Scholar 

  269. Mjm-de Jong N, Schouten EG, van Staveren WA, Kok FJ: Physical exercise or micronutrient supplementation for the wellbeing of the frail elderly? A randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2002, 36(2):126–131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Mobily KE, Lemke JH, Ostiguy LJ, Woodard RJ: Leisure repertoire in a sample of midwestern elderly: The case for exercise. Journal of Leisure Research 1993, 25(1):84–99.

    Google Scholar 

  271. Moore DS, Ellis R, Allen PD, et al.: Construct validation of physical activity surveys in culturally diverse older adults: a comparison of four commonly used questionnaires. Res Q Exerc Sport 2008, 79(1):42–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Moore R, Berlowitz D, Denehy L, Jackson B, McDonald CF: Comparison of pedometer and activity diary for measurement of physical activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2009, 29(1):57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Morgan K, Clarke D: Customary physical activity and survival in later life: a study in Nottingham, UK. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997, 51(5):490–493.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  274. Morio B, Barra V, Ritz P, et al.: Benefit of endurance training in elderly people over a short period is reversible. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000, 81(4):329–336.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Motohashi Y, Maeda A, Yuasa T, Higuchi S: Reliability and validity of the questionnaire to determine the biosocial rhythms of daily living in the disabled elderly. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 2000, 19(6):263–269.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Muhlig S, Bergmann KC, Emmermann E, Petermann F: "Questionnaire on Quality of Life in Asthma"--studies of the dimensionality and references for evaluation. Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany) 1998, 52(1):35–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Muhlig S, Petermann F: Hints on assessment instruments for quality assurance in rehabilitation - No. 15. Disease specific instruments for assessing quality of life in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hinweise auf bewertungsinstrumente zur qualitatssicherung in der rehabilitation - Blatt 15. Krankheitsspezifische erhebungsverfahren zur lebensqualitat bei patienten mit asthma und chronisch-obstruktiver bronchitis 1998., 37(3): XXV; XXXVIII-XXV; XXXVIII

    Google Scholar 

  278. Murray M, Lefort S, Ribeiro V: The SF-36: reliable and valid for the institutionalized elderly? Aging Ment Health 1998, 2(1):24–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  279. Nagamatsu T, Oida Y, Kitabatake Y, et al.: A 6-year cohort study on relationship between functional fitness and impairment of ADL in community-dwelling older persons. J Epidemiol 2003, 13(3):142–148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Nakagaichi M, Tanaka K: Development of a 12-min treadmill walk test at a self-selected pace for the evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness in adult men. Appl Human Sci 1998, 17(6):281–288.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Nakazato K, Shimonaka Y, Narita K, Honjo Y: Development of behavior rating scale for the elderly. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi - Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 1991, 28(6):790–800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Nguyen HQ, Steele B, Benditt JO: Use of accelerometers to characterize physical activity patterns with COPD exacerbations. International Journal of Copd 2006, 1(4):455–460.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  283. Nielson WR, Jensen MP, Hill ML: An activity pacing scale for the chronic pain coping inventory: development in a sample of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Pain 2001, 89(2–3):111–115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Nieves JW, Zion M, Pahor M, et al.: Evaluation of continuous summary physical performance scores (CSPPS) in an elderly cohort. Aging Clin Exp Res 2005, 17(3):193–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Nikolaus T, Specht-Leible N, Bach M, Oster P, Schlierf G: Social aspects in diagnosis and therapy of very elderly patients Initial experiences with a newly developed questionnaire within the scope of geriatric assessment. Z Gerontol 1994, 27(4):240–245.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Ninot G, Moullec G, Desplan J, Prefaut C, Varray A: Daily functioning of dyspnea, self-esteem and physical self in patients with moderate COPD before, during and after a first inpatient rehabilitation program. Disabil Rehabil 2007, 29(22):1671–1678.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Oakley F, Sunderland T, Hill JL, Phillips SL: The Daily Activities Questionnaire: A functional assessment for people with Alzheimer's disease. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 1991, 10(2):67–81.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Ohta T, Haga H, Osada H, et al.: Development and evaluation of a QOL questionnaire for elderly subject living in a community. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi - Japanese Journal of Public Health 2001, 48(4):258–267.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  289. Oida Y, Kitabatake Y, Nishijima Y, et al.: Effects of a 5-year exercise-centered health-promoting programme on mortality and ADL impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing 2003, 32(6):585–592.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Okochi J, Toba K, Takahashi T, et al.: Simple screening test for risk of falls in the elderly. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2006, 6(4):223–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  291. Okochi J, Utsunomiya S, Takahashi T: Health measurement using the ICF: test-retest reliability study of ICF codes and qualifiers in geriatric care. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2005, 3: 46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  292. Oliver R, Blathwayt J, Brackley C, Tamaki T: Development of the Safety Assessment of Function and the Environment for Rehabilitation (SAFER) tool. Canadian journal of occupational therapy.Revue canadienne d'ergotherapie 1993, 60(2):78–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Oliveri S, Carpenter IG, Demopoulos G: Validity and reliability of the Winchester Disability Rating Scale (2): A comprehensive screening instrument for the elderly in the community. Gerontology 1994, 40(6):319–324.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. Orfila F, Ferrer M, Lamarca R, Tebe C, Domingo-Salvany A, Alonso J: Gender differences in health-related quality of life among the elderly: the role of objective functional capacity and chronic conditions. Soc Sci Med 2006, 63(9):2367–2380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  295. Orsini N, Bellocco R, Bottai M, et al.: Profile of physical activity behaviors among Swedish women aged 56–75 years. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008, 18(1):95–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Oschutz H, Weisser B, Finck M, Hurtmanns J, Schaller HJ: Development of a walking stage test (PWT) for the elderly. Z Gerontol Geriatr 2005, 38(2):139–150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  297. Paier GS: Development and testing of an instrument to assess functional status in the elderly. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  298. Pan AM, Stiell IG, Clement CM, Acheson J, Aaron SD: Feasibility of a structured 3-minute walk test as a clinical decision tool for patients presenting to the emergency department with acute dyspnoea. Emerg Med J 2009, 26(4):278–282.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Panagiotakos DB, Polystipioti A, Polychronopoulos E: Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and physical activity status in elderly men and women from Cyprus (The MEDIS Study). Asia Pac J Public Health 2007, 19(3):22–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. Patel SA, Benzo RP, Slivka WA, Sciurba FC: Activity monitoring and energy expenditure in COPD patients: a validation study. Copd: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2007, 4(2):107–112.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  301. Patel SA, Sciurba FC: Emerging concepts in outcome assessment for COPD clinical trials. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 26(2):253–262.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Patrick JM, Bassey EJ, Irving JM, Blecher A, Fentem PH: Objective measurements of customary physical activity in elderly men and women before and after retirement. Q J Exp Physiol 1986, 71(1):47–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  303. Patterson MB, Mack JL: The Cleveland Scale for Activities of Daily Living (CSADL): Its reliability and validity. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology 2001, 7(1):15–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  304. Peloquin L, Gauthier P, Bravo G, Lacombe G, Billiard J: Reliability and validity of the five-minute walking field test for estimating VO2 peak in elderly subjects with knee osteoarthritis. J Aging Phys Act 1998, 6(1):36–44.

    Google Scholar 

  305. Pfeiffer E, Johnson TM, Chiofolo RC: Functional assessment of elderly subjects in four service settings. J Am Geriatr Soc 1981, 29(10):433–437.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Pieper B, Templin TN, Birk TJ, Kirsner RS: Chronic venous disorders and injection drug use: impact on balance, gait, and walk speed. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2008, 35(3):301–310.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Pine ZM, Gurland B, Chren MM: Report of having slowed down: evidence for the validity of a new way to inquire about mild disability in elders. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2000, 55(7):M378-M383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Pinto-Plata VM, Celli-Cruz RA, Vassaux C, et al.: Differences in cardiopulmonary exercise test results by American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society-Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage categories and gender. Chest 2007, 132(4):1204–1211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  309. Podsiadlo D, Richardson S: The timed "Up & Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991, 39(2):142–148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  310. Pollak N, Rheault W, Stoecker JL: Reliability and validity of the FIM for persons aged years and above from a multilevel continuing care retirement community. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996, 77(10):1056–1061.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  311. Pols MA, Peeters PH, Kemper HC, Collette HJ: Repeatability and relative validity of two physical activity questionnaires in elderly women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1996, 28(8):1020–1025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Pols MA, Peeters PH, Ocke MC, et al.: Relative validity and repeatability of a new questionnaire on physical activity. Prev Med 1997, 26(1):37–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Pomeroy V: Development of an ADL oriented assessment-of-mobility scale suitable for use with elderly people with dementia. Physiotherapy 1990, 76(8):446–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  314. Powell LE, Myers AM: The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale. The journals of gerontology.Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 1995, 50(1):28–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  315. Pransky G, Feuerstein M, Himmelstein J, Katz JN, Vickers-Lahti M, Pransky G, Feuerstein M, Himmelstein J, Katz JN, Vickers-Lahti M: Measuring functional outcomes in work-related upper extremity disorders Development and validation of the Upper Extremity Function Scale. J Occup Environ Med 1997, 39(12):1195–1202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. Provenier F, Jordaens L: Evaluation of six minute walking test in patients with single chamber rate responsive pacemakers. Br Heart J 1994, 72(2):192–196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  317. Puhan M: Severity of COPD-a broader prognostic assessment is necessary. Praxis 2007, 96(48):1901–1905.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  318. Quirk FH, Jones PW: Patients' perception of distress due to symptoms and effects of asthma on daily living and an investigation of possible influential factors. Clin Sci (Lond) 1990, 79(1):17–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Reardon JZ, Lareau SC, ZuWallack R: Functional status and quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.[see comment]. Am J Med 2006, 119(10):32–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  320. Recchia G, de Carli G, Parise G, Zerbini O: Quality of life: A new approach to the assessment of the pharmacological treatment in the elderly patient. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 1991, (Suppl 2):33–37.

  321. Reid DWZM: A survey of the reinforcements and activities elderly citizens feel are important for their general happiness. Essence 1977, 2: 5–24.

    Google Scholar 

  322. Rejeski WJ, Brawley LR, Ambrosius WT, et al.: Older adults with chronic disease: benefits of group-mediated counseling in the promotion of physically active lifestyles. Health Psychol 2003, 22(4):414–423.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  323. Rejeski WJ, Foley KO, Woodard CM, Zaccaro DJ, Berry MJ: Evaluating and understanding performance testing in COPD patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2000, 20(2):79–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  324. Rejeski WJ, Ip EH, Marsh AP, Miller ME, Farmer DF: Measuring disability in older adults: the International Classification System of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2008, 8(1):48–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  325. Resnick B, Galik E: The reliability and validity of the physical activity survey in long-term care. J Aging Phys Act 2007, 15(4):439–458.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  326. Reuben DB, Siu AL: An objective measure of physical function of elderly outpatients. The Physical Performance Test. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1990, 38(10):1105–1112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  327. Ricci NA, Kubota MT, Cordeiro RC: Agreement between observations on the functional capacity of home care elderly patients. Rev Saude Publica 2005, 39(4):655–662.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  328. Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, et al.: A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal 2005, 173(5):489–495.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  329. Romano JM, Turner JA, Jensen MP: The Chronic Illness Problem Inventory as a measure of dysfunction in chronic pain patients. Pain 1992, 49(1):71–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  330. Rozzini R, Frisoni GB, Ferrucci L, Barbisoni P, Bertozzi B, Trabucchi M: The effect of chronic diseases on physical function Comparison between activities of daily living scales and the Physical Performance Test. Age Ageing 1997, 26(4):281–287.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  331. Ruan CM, Haig AJ, Geisser ME, Yamakawa K, Buchholz RL: Functional capacity evaluations in persons with spinal disorders: predicting poor outcomes on the Functional Assessment Screening Test (FAST). J Occup Rehabil 2001, 11(2):119–132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  332. Ryan CG, Grant PM, Gray H, Newton M, Granat MH: Measuring postural physical activity in people with chronic low back pain. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2008, 21(1):43–50.

    Google Scholar 

  333. Sallis JF, Haskell WL, Wood PD, et al.: Physical activity assessment methodology in the Five-City Project. Am J Epidemiol 1985, 121(1):91–106.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  334. Sayers SP, Guralnik JM, Newman AB, Brach JS, Fielding RA: Concordance and discordance between two measures of lower extremity function: 400 meter self-paced walk and SPPB. Aging Clin Exp Res 2006, 18(2):100–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  335. Schag CC, Heinrich RL, Ganz PA: Karnofsky performance status revisited: reliability, validity, and guidelines. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 1984, 2(3):187–193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  336. Schandry R: Die Entwicklung des Fragebogens für Asthmapatienten (FAP). In Lebensqualität und Asthma. Edited by: Petermann F, Bergmann KC. (Hrsg) München Quintessenz; 1994:55–66.

    Google Scholar 

  337. Schenkman M, Cutson TM, Kuchibhatla M, Scott BI, Cress ME: Application of the Continuous Scale Physical Functional Performance Test to people with Parkinson disease. Neurology Report 2002, 26(3):130–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  338. Schuit AJ, Feskens EJM, Launer LJ, Kromhout D: Physical activity and cognitive decline, the role of the apolipoprotein e4 allele. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2001, 33(5):772–777.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  339. Schuit AJ, Schouten EG, Westerterp KR, Saris WH: Validity of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): according to energy expenditure assessed by the doubly labeled water method. J Clin Epidemiol 1997, 50(5):541–546.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  340. Schuntermann MF: [The Duke Health Profile (DUKE)]. Rehabilitation 1997, 36(1):1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  341. Schwab Rs, E AC: Projection Technique for Evaluating Surgery in Parkinson's Disease.

  342. Schwartz CE, Vollmer T, Lee H: Reliability and validity of two self-report measures of impairment and disability for MS North American Research Consortium on Multiple Sclerosis Outcomes Study Group. Neurology 1999, 52(1):63–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  343. Sclan SG, Reisberg B: Functional assessment staging (FAST) in Alzheimer's disease: reliability, validity, and ordinality. Int Psychogeriatr 1992, 4(Suppl 1):55–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  344. Sheikh K, Smith DS, Meade TW, Goldenberg E, Brennan PJ, Kinsella G: Repeatability and validity of a modified activities of daily living (ADL) index in studies of chronic disability. Int Rehabil Med 1979, 1(2):51–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  345. Shin Y, Jang H, Pender NJ: Psychometric evaluation of the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale among Korean adults with chronic diseases. Res Nurs Health 2001, 24(1):68–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  346. Shin Y, Pender NJ, Yun S: Using methodological triangulation for cultural verification of commitment to a plan for exercise scale among Korean adults with chronic diseases. Res Nurs Health 2003, 26(4):312–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  347. Sinderby C, Spahija J, Beck J, et al.: Diaphragm activation during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 163(7):1637–1641.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  348. Singh PN, Fraser GE, Knutsen SF, Lindsted KD, Bennett HW: Validity of a physical activity questionnaire among African-American Seventh-day Adventists. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2001, 33(3):468–475.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  349. Skumlien S, Hagelund T, Bjortuft O, Ryg MS: A field test of functional status as performance of activities of daily living in COPD patients. Respir Med 2006, 100(2):316–323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  350. Stallberg B, Nokela M, Ehrs PO, Hjemdal P, Jonsson EW: Validation of the clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ) in primary care. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2009, 7: 26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  351. Stavem K, Jodalen H: Reliability and validity of the COOP/WONCA health status measure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Qual Life Res 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  352. Steele BG, Holt L, Belza B, Ferris S, Lakshminaryan S, Buchner DM: Quantitating physical activity in COPD using a triaxial accelerometer. Chest 2000, 117(5):1359–1367.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  353. Suurmeijer TP, Doeglas DM, Moum T, et al.: The Groningen Activity Restriction Scale for measuring disability: its utility in international comparisons. Am J Public Health 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  354. Syddall HE, Martin HJ, Harwood RH, Cooper C, Aihie Sayer A: The SF-36: a simple, effective measure of mobility-disability for epidemiological studies. J Nutr Health Aging 2009, 13(1):57–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  355. Tager IB, Hollenberg M, Satariano WA: Association between self-reported leisure-time physical activity and measures of cardiorespiratory fitness in an elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 1998, 147(10):921–931.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  356. Taylor HL, Jacobs DR Jr, Schucker B, Knudsen J, Leon AS, Debacker G: A questionnaire for the assessment of leisure time physical activities. J Chronic Dis 1978, 31(12):741–755.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  357. Tsang AH: Effectiveness of three strengths of education and exercise on self-efficacy for walking and self-efficacy for managing dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. San Francisco: University of California; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  358. Vallerand AH: Development and testing of the inventory of functional status-chronic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1998, 15(2):125–133.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  359. van Helvoort HA, Heijdra YF, de Boer RC, Swinkels A, Thijs HM, Dekhuijzen PN: Six-minute walking-induced systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in muscle-wasted COPD patients. Chest 2007, 131(2):439–445.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  360. Van't-Hul A, Gosselink R, Kwakkel G: Constant-load cycle endurance performance: test-retest reliability and validity in patients with COPD. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2003, 23(2):143–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  361. Velozo CA, Peterson EW: Developing meaningful Fear of Falling Measures for community dwelling elderly. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2001, 80(9):662–673.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  362. Verbunt JA, Westerterp KR, van der Heijden GJ, Seelen HA, Vlaeyen JW, Knottnerus JA: Physical activity in daily life in patients with chronic low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001, 82(6):726–730.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  363. Volpato S, Cavalieri M, Guerra G, et al.: Performance-based functional assessment in older hospitalized patients: feasibility and clinical correlates. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2008, 63(12):1393–1398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  364. Voorrips LE, Lemmink KA, van Heuvelen MJ, Bult P, van Staveren WA: The physical condition of elderly women differing in habitual physical activity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1993, 25(10):1152–1157.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  365. Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD: The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical care 1992, 30(6):473–483.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  366. Washburn RA, Ficker JL: Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): the relationship with activity measured by a portable accelerometer. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1999, 39(4):336–340.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  367. Webb SM, Prieto L, Badia X, et al.: Acromegaly Quality of Life Questionnaire (ACROQOL) a new health-related quality of life questionnaire for patients with acromegaly: development and psychometric properties. Clin Endocrinol 2002, 57(2):251–258.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  368. Webster K, Cella D, Yost K: The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) Measurement System: properties, applications, and interpretation. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2003, 1: 79.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  369. Wellard S: Validation of physical activity measurement for people on dialysis treatment. EDTNA/ERCA Journal of Renal Care 2003, 29(3):140–142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  370. Whitehurst M, Brown LE, Eidelson SG, D'Angelo A: Functional mobility performance in an elderly population with lumbar spinal stenosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001, 82(4):464–467.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  371. Winograd CH, Lemsky CM, Nevitt MC, et al.: Development of a physical performance and mobility examination. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994, 42(7):743–749.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  372. Yang P, Chen C: Exercise stage and processes of change in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Nurs Res 2005, 13(2):97–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  373. Yasuko F: Development, reliability and validity of an ADL gap self-efficacy scale for elderly persons requiring home based nursing care [Japanese]. Journal of Japan Academy of Nursing Science 2002, 22(1):23–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  374. Yates JW, Chalmer B, McKegney FP: Evaluation of patients with advanced cancer using the Karnofsky performance status. Cancer 1980, 45(8):2220–2224.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  375. Zanocchi M, Ponzetto M, Francisetti F, et al.: The dependence medical index (DMI): validation and comparison with the activity daily living and the instrumental activity daily living. Minerva Med 2004, 95(2):143–151.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  376. Zhan S, Cerny FJ, Gibbons WJ, Mador MJ, Wu YW: Development of an unsupported arm exercise test in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2006, 26(3):180–187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  377. Zimnavoda T, Weinblatt N, Katz N: Validity of the Kohlman Evaluation of Living Skills (KELS) with Israeli elderly individuals living in the community. Occup Ther Int 2002, 9(4):312–325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anja Frei.

Additional information

Competing interests

Kate Williams was contracted by Pfizer Ltd when this review was conducted and Katja Rüdell is an employee of Pfizer Ltd. The current work is methodological and provides no competitive advantage or disadvantage. Anja Frei, Anders Vetsch, Fabienne Dobbels and Milo Puhan have no competing interests. No medical writers were used to support the writing of this manuscript.

Authors' contributions

KR and MP led the systematic review. KR, MP, AF and FD developed the conceptual framework and the study protocol. KR, MP and AF coordinated the review. KR, MP, FD, and AF conducted the electronic database searches; KW, AV, AF, KR and MP conducted the additional searches. AF coordinated the references in RefWorks. KR and FD (1st reviewers), KW (2nd reviewer) and MP and AF (3rd reviewers) screened titles and abstracts. KW and KR (1st reviewers), AF and AV (2nd reviewers) and MP (3rd reviewer) assessed full texts of the identified studies. KW and AV (1st reviewers) and KR and AF (2nd reviewers) extracted the relevant data. KW conducted the statistical analysis. KW drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to revising the manuscript and approved the final version.

Electronic supplementary material

12955_2011_927_MOESM1_ESM.DOC

Additional file 1:Reference list of excluded articles after full text assessment. List of all references of articles which were excluded after full text assessment [123–377]. (DOC 94 KB)

12955_2011_927_MOESM2_ESM.DOC

Additional file 2:Data extraction results: content and format of the reviewed questionnaires. Summary of the extracted data on the content and format of the reviewed questionnaires. This covers the population, domains, categories, items, answer options, anchors, scoring, direction of scale, recall period, administration, questionnaire type and quantification. (DOC 670 KB)

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images.

Authors’ original file for figure 1

Authors’ original file for figure 2

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Williams, K., Frei, A., Vetsch, A. et al. Patient-reported physical activity questionnaires: A systematic review of content and format. Health Qual Life Outcomes 10, 28 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-10-28

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-10-28

Keywords